The Religious Issues Of The Malay Population During...

Part one: essay proposal (200-300 words) a) Giving a brief explanation of the scope of the essay (the figure you will examine, the time period, geographical focus, etc). Question: How did the British managed the religious issues of the Malays during colonial rule in Singapore? Through an analysis of the Maria Hertogh riot case study, we are able to gain deeper insights into British’s colonial policies in their management of the religious issues of the Malay population in the post-1945 era. At the same time this also allows us to see how race intersect with class as the Malay population constitutes the lower income class in Singapore at that time. Using Maria as a case study, we are also able to see how gender interact with race and class during colonialism as things may have turned out differently if the child in case was a boy instead. b) Outlining your key research questions and the conclusions that you have drawn from your research thus far. 1. Did British mismanaged sensitive religious issues pertaining to the Malays during colonial rule? 2. Did the British pursue a strict policy of resistance in their religious policies? This ethnic conflict has been widely argued to be the consequence of a mismanagement of the religious issues of the Malay population by the British. However, it would be inaccurate to solely blame the British’s policies for triggering the riots as they were other factors that led to the riots such as the media and the hidden motives of theShow MoreRelatedThe British And French Colonization2452 Words   |  10 Pageseconomically. In Southeast Asia there were 5 colonial powers; the United Kingdom, France, Dutch, America, and Japan, their primary motives for establishing colonies in the region was to get control of trade routes, to get access to the natural resources and raw materials, and the cheap labor, as well as to establish naval and military bases so that they could amass influence in the region. 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Fraud, Subprime Mortgages, And The Hidden History Of...

Fraud, Subprime Mortgages, and The Hidden History of Financial Crisis â€Å"Hell is empty, and all the devils are here.† -William Shakespeare (The Tempest, Act1, Sn 2) Financial and economic experts still disagree over the specifics of what caused the recession of 2008. The fraudulent activities which resulted from the subprime mortgage crisis were simply the combination of the perfect economic storm of opportunity meeting the ability for mortgage bankers, corrupt politicians, Wall Street investors, and anyone else feeding from the real estate trough to recognize and capitalize on the presented opportunity. Between the winter of 2007 and the summer of 2009, there was a national banking crisis which fed directly into the United States recession and was initiated by a significant disintegration in housing prices directly after the housing bubble collapsed. The collapse of the bubble led to a decrease in investment interests in residential property and to a higher mortgage rate d elinquencies, loan defaults, and foreclosures across the country. Also, there was a complete collapse of the value for housing-related securities which led to a recession-level decrease in household spending and the promise of outside business investments. The subprime mortgage crisis which led to the widespread use of fraud concerningShow MoreRelatedMortgage Loan Fraud and Its Impact on the Worldwide Economic Crisis7037 Words   |  29 PagesMortgage loan fraud is a common and often overlooked crime; it is taking place with increased prevalence today, due to the predominance of third-party loan originators (both brokers and conduit lenders). This type of fraud takes many different forms and is committed by buyers, sellers, attorneys, title companies, and others; in most cases it is overlooked by individuals, corporations, and law enforcement because it is seen as a â€Å"victimless crime†. In recent years, the booming real-estate market hasRead MoreCountrywide Financial : A Large Diversified Financial Service Provider1018 Words   |  5 PagesCountrywide Financial was a large diversified financial service provider. They operate in five business segments, those being mortgage banking, banking, capital markets, insurance, and global operations. Countrywide was the largest market share among U.S. mortgage originators before unethical actions caused the downfall of the firm. Problems in Countrywide’s loan practices were evident. After the financial crisis of 2008 Countrywide was found to be a significant contributor to the subprime mortgageRead MorePossible Exam 310042 Words   |  41 Pagesor false: 1. Due to insurance arrangements and the securitization of mortgage investments, many U.S. bankers did not adequately gauge the risks of subprime loans. TRUE 2. A commonly accepted theory is that the Subprime lending crisis was due the Government placing more restrictions and regulations on the investment banking industry starting in 1999. FALSE 3. For the most part, the credit ratings granted to mortgage-backed securities did not accurately reflect the true risk of the securitiesRead MoreBernard Madoff2491 Words   |  10 PagesBernard Madoff and the 2008 Financial Crisis On December 11, 2008, the Securities and Exchange Commission (â€Å"SEC†) charged and arrested Bernard Madoff and his investment firm, Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, with securities fraud for a multi-billion dollar Ponzi scheme. On March 12, 2009, Madoff pled guilty to an 11-count criminal complaint admitting to running an international Ponzi scheme and defrauding thousands of investors. The SEC defines a Ponzi scheme as an investment fund thatRead MoreCountrywide Financial Case7873 Words   |  32 PagesCrafting and Executing Strategy 15. Countrywide Financial Corporation and the Subprime Mortgage Debacle  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2011 Case 15 Countrywide Financial Corporation and the Subprime Mortgage Debacle Ronald W. Eastburn Case Western Reserve University Angelo Mozilo, founder and Chairman of Countrywide Financial Corporation, was the driving force behind the company’s efforts to become the largest real estate mortgage originator in the United States and, according to someRead MoreForensic Accounting1945 Words   |  8 Pageseach skill. Be sure to include discussion regarding the relationship between the skill and its application to business operations. Style is a fraud. I always felt the Greeks were hiding behind their columns. Fraud in the financial community is consistently hidden in style. Since its beginnings in the great depression, to now, the great recession fraud has undoubtedly taking many forms and styles. Subsequently, many non suspecting patrons have been severely damaged as result of this greed andRead MoreSecuritization and Subprime Crisis: a Critical Analysis of the Role Credit Rating Agencies7554 Words   |  31 PagesTitle: SECURITIZATION AND SUBPRIME CRISIS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF CREDIT RATING AGENCIES Dr. Quamrul Alam Department of Management Monash University Email: quamrul.alam@buseco.monash.edu.au Phone: +613 99031030 ATM Tariquzzaman Postgraduate student Faculty of Business amp; Law Deakin University Melbourne, Australia Email: atm_zaman@hotmail.com; tuz@deakin.edu.au Mohammad Abu Yusuf Department of Management Monash University Mohammad.yusuf@buseco.monashRead MoreThe most controversial case of fraud in history left more questions than answers. 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A Day Without a Phone Free Essays

Over this past weekend, when given the challenge to shut off my phone for 24 hours, I didn’t believe I could make it. My phone is probably involved in almost every activity I do throughout the day. Weather its taking notes down for my classes or tweeting my latest pointless thought. We will write a custom essay sample on A Day Without a Phone or any similar topic only for you Order Now It guides me when its dark, tells me when its going to rain, and even notifies me when I get poked on Facebook. I can honestly admit to being one of those people who are completely dependent on their phones. Knowing this about myself I had to factor in three important variables; what day, what am I going to do, of course how will I notify people of my whereabouts! Being the weekend and all, its kind of hard not being on the phone making plans for the night. How will I go about organizing a little get together with the close friends? So I thought to myself, Friday and Saturday are too important to be out of the loop. I finally made my decision that Sunday is perfect! I mean, who cares about Sunday? It’s a day of relaxation so I thought it would be perfect! Now I had to plan, what am I going to do. Earlier this weekend a friend of mine who was actually visiting from Florida had called me wanting to meet and catch up. Right before turning my phone off late Saturday I gave him a call explaining the situation, he laughed and told me to come pick him up from his aunts at 12 AM and to just simply get out of my car, walk to the front door, and knock. (Obviously texting a simple â€Å"here. † Would have been simpler). Besides that I thought I would just wing it and see where the day takes me. Now I just had one last issue, I got to hide it! Knowing myself pretty well, I knew it was a bad idea to have the phone around me, if I planned to actually commit to this. I decided to simply leave it in my mother’s possession for safekeeping. With these three issues resolved I’m now ready to, â€Å"slide to power off†. So Sunday begins. I woke up at around 11AM (kind of late due to the fact I couldn’t set the alarm on my phone). I got out of bed rushed out to the kitchen and looked at the oven for the time! I quickly proceeded to shower and get ready. At 12AM I arrived at my friends aunts house to pick him up, knocked on the door and he came right out (no big deal after all). We then went to lunch and spent a few hours talking and playing some call of duty on my Xbox. Without noticing, it was almost 6 at night! Wow! I was impressed. By this time I probably would have had to plug my phone in for the second charge of the day! Now it was time to go to the gym, I usually use my phone to play music but I had to bust out my little mp3 from back in the day. At the gym I’m rarely on the phone so this hour and a half went by swiftly has well. When I returned home I showered and started preparations to begin on my homework. It being 8PM now I thought the worse was over! So I read my 20 pages of Feed and did some of my history assignment and probably finished at around 9:30PM. At this point of the day I didn’t even remember I didn’t have my phone glued to my side. I realize now that having all those cool features and apps on my phone only makes me waist my time and procrastinate on the important things I should be doing. The last few hours till midnight I simply watched a few episodes of The Walking Dead to pass the time. It really wasn’t much of a challenge after all; it was actually very relieving not being involved in any social media and texting throughout the day. Perhaps I will make this an event for every Sunday! How to cite A Day Without a Phone, Essay examples

Human Resource Management Strengths and Weaknesses

Questions: 1.What symptom(s) in this case suggest that something has gone wrong?a. Symptomsb. Other issuesc. Performance indicator 2. What are the main causes of these symptoms?a. Main issues of these symptomsb. Analyzing the situationc. Addressing the issues3. What actions should Treetop Forest Products executives take to correct these problems? Answers: Introduction Reflecting upon the past experiences for an individual is one of the best activity. Reflecting ones own experience helps in providing the people complete analysis regarding their individual capabilities, talents, strengths and weaknesses (Torrente et al. 2012). This essay is based on a teamwork done by us, where we had to perform some strategical framework for a particular company. This group work has helped me by developing better communication skills, overcome conflict thoughts, maintain unity and with the motivation of performing better. Analysis This paper aims at reflecting the role that I had played in the group. It will provide with a critical analysis of our performance as a team as and as an individual. It can be confidently said, that our team had performed quite well in overcoming the hurdles of the firm, yet with some better organization skills, the results would have been more fruitful (Tims et al. 2013). The paper aims at commenting upon the team dynamics, communication process as well as some recommendations in order to improve any future group work. Our team comprised of four people, where we all had been given a particular role within the group. My role was of being a supervisor to the production process of the company. At first , I was not sure regarding my responsibilities and regarding the probability of performing well. When real life personality traits are aligned with the role played by an individual in simulation, it generates positive results (Nancarrow et al. 2013). For me, on of the challenges that I had faced during the process was to communicate with the individual workers of the company, thereby maintaining the effective work in the firm. Sometimes, I felt very uncomfortable in being abided by the motives of a team, as the other team, as each one had their own perspective and compromising was a prime challenge for all of us. This is one of the critical challenges that I had faced. Whereas, by performing these duties, it helped me to overcome my hesitation and made me realise that I can overcome these hurdles quite efficiently. One of the vital traits that I had to maintain while playing my role, was that of maintaining good communication skills. According to Mkikangas et al. (2016), It is quite important to maintain an effective communication system within the members of the team. There are times, when open agendas are presented within the team, while taking any decisions. By communicating each other ideas and views regarding a particular issue, resolving matters would be quite easy and successful in nature (Angell and Bolden 2016). My communicative style had been up to the mark. I had tried my best to maintain a good communicative approach with my team members. Our group had exchanged information with each other, quite efficiently. Most of the team, we had achieved our targets by maintaining a good effective dialogue, understanding and working as one team member, rather than being segregated. The second trait that I had maintained throughout my term as a member of the team was that of reliability. One can count on their reliable team member, that provides them with the scope to build in trust within the team framework. When there is unity among a group, various hurdles can be overcome easily. One can count on the other member, only when the other one is reliable enough. I our team of four members, we had to look after various aspects of the organization. I was considered as one of the most reliable team member, where I had to maintain all the record and statistics related to the schedule of our work. I had always been keen on achieving ideas and views that were based on mass knowledge. I never took any decisions that would be against the ethics of the business, or against the dignity of any member of our team or the organization. I had maintained the records and statistics with utmost importance and had provided the team with every single detail that had been prevailing w ithin the firm. This gave me the scope to build the trust for me among my team members, where they found me reliable enough to be dependent upon my decisions. As stated by Costa, Passos and Bakker (2015), Cooperation and flexibility among the team members have been considered as one of the most important traits of the members. I have learnt that how flexibility in a group would be acknowledged by all. One should not focus only on the tasks that has been allotted to oneself. It is quite important to be an active member of the group, thereby taking part in all the discussion that has been taking place (Gido and Clements 2014). This helped me to learn more regarding the objectives and perspectives of the organization and of our team. these attributes helped us to frame an efficient framework that would be helpful for the future performance of the organization. Another important that had been experienced by working under a team, was the opportunity to correct the issues within the team, that could help in decreasing the inefficiencies at work (David and David 2016). It helped in reflecting upon the challenges that were faced while formulating the strategies and how could these issues be resolved. Effective allocation of tasks and time management seemed to hinder the teamwork. It was noticed that, the team often found it difficult to allot the tasks to the team members. This was often due to conflicting routines, workloads and other necessities that were performed. This was considered as one of the basic drawbacks in our team work. It is often considered that allocating tasks to all the team members, makes the management of work easier and effective in nature (Schwalbe 2015). Yet, in our case, it was seen as just the opposite. In addition to it, it was noticed that the members were facing various problems of time management. There were vario us disputes that were prevailing within the association of our group, like meetings schedule, undertaking simulation activities, allocation of tasks, and successful completion of the tasks. These were the challenges faced by all the member of our group. Experiencing the issues mentioned above, provides me with an opportunity to recommend few ways of overcoming these hurdles, in order to have a successful team work in future. One of the ways of overcoming the problem of time management is to plan a routine beforehand, as that would give ample opportunities to decode upon the time table of each work to be carried out. Before implementing the plans, the members must sit together in order to make a routine of all the action plans to be taken into consideration (Costa, Passos and Bakker 2014). To overcome the problem of task allocations, the major traits of each member must be considered. Tasks must be allotted to the, members depending upon their source of interest. This would help the members to perform their duties with greater efficiency and accuracy. When they would be made to do a task in which they have personal interest, it would not be difficult for them to undertake the actions under the tasks adjoined (Kerzner 2013). These two recommendations can provide the future team work with the enhanced structure of performing a well maintained an organized group work. Conclusion Team work is one of the most important experience in an individual life, that helped the person in acknowledging their traits with regard to the responsibilities and sociable characters (Boud, Cohen and Sampson 2014). Reflecting upon the role that I had undertake during the group activity project, has taught me with valuable lessons and experiences that has confronted me with my strengths and weaknesses. This team work has provided me with a new set of knowledge and aspiration that would help me in my future projects. This project has taught me the true value of communication, reliability, flexibility and cooperative character, which has provided me with amole success during the simulation of the team work. Though I have been through various drawbacks of working in a team, but, with little support and hard work, all these drawbacks can be overcome. This project has helped me to overcome not only my individual attributes as a person, but has also enhanced my discipline specific knowl edge. Reference Torrente, P., Salanova, M., Llorens, S. and Schaufeli, W.B., 2012. Teams make it work: How team work engagement mediates between social resources and performance in teams.Psicothema,24(1), pp.106-112. Tims, M., Bakker, A.B., Derks, D. and van Rhenen, W., 2013. Job crafting at the team and individual level: Implications for work engagement and performance.Group Organization Management, p.1059601113492421. Nancarrow, S.A., Booth, A., Ariss, S., Smith, T., Enderby, P. and Roots, A., 2013. Ten principles of good interdisciplinary team work.Human resources for Health,11(1), p.1. Mkikangas, A., Aunola, K., Seppl, P. and Hakanen, J., 2016. Work engagementteam performance relationship: shared job crafting as a moderator.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. Costa, P.L., Passos, A.M. and Bakker, A.B., 2014. Team work engagement: A model of emergence.Journal of occupational and organizational psychology,87(2), pp.414-436. Angell, B. and Bolden, G.B., 2016. Team work in action: building grounds for psychiatric medication decisions in assertive community treatment. InThe Palgrave Handbook of Adult Mental Health(pp. 371-393). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Costa, P.L., Passos, A.M. and Bakker, A.B., 2015. Direct and Contextual Influence of Team Conflict on Team Resources, Team Work Engagement, and Team Performance.Negotiation and Conflict Management Research,8(4), pp.211-227. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. David, F. and David, F.R., 2016. Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Boud, D., Cohen, R. and Sampson, J. eds., 2014.Peer learning in higher education: Learning from and with each other. Routledge. Gido, J. and Clements, J.P., 2014.Successful project management. Nelson Education.

Animal Experimentation Essays (4018 words) - Animal Welfare

Animal Experimentation ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION Holly Anderson was a strong supporter for animal rights. When she was a little girl, she saw a cat get run over by a car. As she watched it die slowly, some young boys were poking it with a stick. She screamed, Why dont you leave that poor cat alone! One boy replied, We wanted to see if maggots will come out of its nose! Hey Jimmy! the boy yelled at his friend, Go get your firecrackers! Holly started crying and ran away. From then on, she viewed all scientists who use animals to experiment on as immature little boys just trying to get a kick out of blood and guts. Not only did she not like what the scientists did to the animals, she was so close-minded about the issue, she hadnt even considered the other side, and she refused to. Now Holly is thirty-five years old and is happily married with five children and just as many cats. One summer day, she walked upstairs to wake up her children. She walked into the room to see them all very sick in their beds. They were all running a high fe ver and were having trouble breathing. She took them all to the emergency room where they were tested immediately. After a whole days waiting, she was called into a meeting with all the doctors. They told her that her children had contracted a deadly virus that they had never seen before and that they might not live unless the origin of this virus was found. They asked her if she had any animals and how many. She told them she had five cats. The doctors all talked privately and finally made a decision. Im sorry, Ms. Anderson, but I think were going to need those cats to find the serum for the virus. What are you going to do with them? she asked. They then told her they were going to take the cats to the lab where all of them would go through a series of experiments until they found the problem. They also explained they couldnt guarantee that any of the cats would live through the tests or that they wouldnt feel any pain. When they told her this, she pictured in her head a bunch of s cientists standing around her cats poking them with needles everywhere while the cats were restrained and struggling for breath. She shuddered at the thought of her cats going through that, but even more at her children dying. It took her less than five minutes to decide because she realized that animal experimentation could save her childrens lives. A few days later she left the hospital with her children, who were back to their normal, healthy selves. She felt bad for her five cats that were dead, but it was a good feeling having all five of her children there at the funeral for Fluffy, Furry, Frisky, Grumpy, and Stinky. She now understood the other side. She didnt exactly approve of it now, but she knew that animal testing must go on for her childrens children. Holly finally realized that animal testing must go on because it benefits society. There are many reasons a person should agree with animal experimentation, but there are also a few reason why some people are against animal experimentation. A few of these reasons are that animal experimentation is cruel and inhumane, animal experimentation is under regulated, and that there are alternatives to animal experimentation. Many people claim that animal experimentation is cruel and inhumane. It is said that many labs are unsanitary and small. Animals have been seen in cages with unbandaged wounds (Day 67). It is also said that primates are treated inhumanely and are put in small living quarters (Goo 96). They are kept alone and isolated. This is not good for their psychological well being (Wil 79). Actually, most of these claims are invalid due to the laws and regulations that have been set to make sure animals are not being treated like this. For every lab that does any type of animal testing, there has to be a veterinary staff just to watch the animals and the scientists who work on

Worst Cover Letter Advice Use a Quotation in Your Cover Letter

Worst Cover Letter Advice Use a Quotation in Your Cover Letter I came across an article in my travels, Season Your Cover Letter with a Great Quote, that recommended to job seekers that they use an inspiring quotation in their cover letter. In case any of you encounter the same cover letter advice, I want to warn you now NOT to follow it. I strongly discourage anyone from including a quotation in their cover letter, unless that quotation comes from you, a client or supervisor. Examples of Vapid Quotations in Cover Letters Setting an example is not the main means of influencing others; it is the only means. (Albert Einstein) The sample cover letter in the article above included the above quote and stated, You can count on me to live these inspiring words. I know the importance of influencing people for good and that is what I want to be known for. Id welcome the opportunity to meet with you in person so you can judge for yourself. My reaction: Barf. Some other suggested (and I believe empty) quotations from this article: Plan your work for today and every day, then work your plan. Norman Vincent Peale Real success is finding your lifework in the work that you love. David McCullough Success depends on your backbone, not your wishbone. Unknown Author The problem with using these borrowed words is that just because you like a quotation does not mean you will live up to it! In your cover letter, give inspiring examples of what you have done and then say you will live up to your own examples. Hard facts always speak louder than flowery language. When it’s Okay to Use a Quotation in Your Cover Letter When I was a hiring manager I never received a cover letter containing a quotation, but if I had I would have mistrusted it immediately. Anyone can do a Google search for inspiring quotations. Not very many people truly meet the high standards set by those words, so I would caution you to avoid this type of quotation in your cover letter. The exception to this rule is if you have a quote that you wrote yourself, and that you can back up with examples. Also, it’s a great strategy to put some testimonials from other people in your cover letter – either at the top or in the margin. You can get creative with carefully chosen quotations like these. Another option is to use a tagline on both your resume and cover letter. For example, one of my clients says under her name, â€Å"Leading Teams to Performance When the Game is On the Line.† Isn’t that better than some quote by Benjamin Franklin? If you need help developing a cover letter that will help you get interviews, contact us for more information, or view our Resume and Cover Letter Writing Services.

Narrative paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Narrative paper - Essay Example He taught me that life is not easy and one has to discover how to dance in the rain and not just wait for it to pass. I believe that what this means is that one ought not to wait for his difficulties to pass, but instead should know how to handle them. It also means that if one chooses to spend life sitting on the side and wait as life goes by, then he is going to miss on a lot of opportunities. I watched my brother go through a lot of difficulties when he finished his schooling and was looking for employment. He could apply for jobs and not get any feedback. Sometimes he received interview invitations and attended interviews, but the companies never responded. Nevertheless, this did not stop him from trying more chances in the same and even different firms. My brother could rise up in the morning like everybody else who was going to work and leave the house. Sometimes I asked him why he had to wake up that early without any good seeming to come out of it. To me, there was no difference if he left the house at 5:00 am in the morning and if he stayed a little longer to leave at 10.00 am. After all, he was not employed in those companies that he was going to apply for employment. Logically, he would have chosen to stay home and wait for that time that he would be sure that he has an interview to leave the house early. One day he came home excited and narrated to the family how he had obtained himself a job. Everybody was eagerly waiting to hear the kind of job he got. We were overjoyed and happy that finally, his efforts had been rewarded only for him to say that it was an internship that was just offering him transport to the work place. My parents however encouraged him and promised to support him in whichever manner. Following several months of his internship, he was taken in by that company for permanent employment. The company saw his commitment, hard work and perseverance. From my brother’s

Sports marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sports marketing - Essay Example Badminton finds little support from the American populace given that tennis is the most popular racquet sport. As a racquet sport, tennis has drawn all the interest from other racquet sports, thus, making it popular among the other variables. Badminton has never produced stars in the American society, as in other sports such as tennis and American football. Therefore, it has not gained public interest due to this. The fact that America has few stars in the sport obstructs or hinders it from gaining publicity. The presence of stars in a certain sport assists in offering motivation to the young generation and making other people like the sport. The few athletes in the sport gain little or no media attention, thus, reducing the occurrence of potential participants. The financial income of the badminton players profoundly limits or discourages many people within the populace from joining in the sport. The payments are extremely low as compared to other sports. Therefore, this has led to the public undermining the sport especially if one takes it as the career. Several strategies can serve towards making a sport popular. The strategies utilized in marketing a given sport depend significantly on the extent to which the sport is popular among the people. It can also be reliant upon the resources allocated towards that sport, promotion and advertising approaches to be utilized. The first phase towards marketing a sport is advertising it and educating the masses about the interesting aspects and pleasures derived from participating. Creating awareness among the rest of the population can substantially improve the public’s appeal to a certain sport. The management concerned with badminton ought to develop ways of educating people concerning the sport (Stephens 1). Education can be carried out both at the personal and societal levels. The management can recruit ambassadors to market the sport by educating the masses. Awareness can be created through the

Discussion Responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Responses - Essay Example The focus of this is to understand how individuals manage companies effectively and perform specific tasks. There are four levels of the OB model that cover autocratic, custodial, supportive and collegial. These levels are important for focusing on organizational behavior and allowing individuals to learn how individuals from different backgrounds work together. Individuals affect organizations because they control the atmosphere of the organizations environment. The individual’s actions play a positive or negative role on the events that happen in the organization. The more positive the attitude is, the more positive the productivity will be. Organizations also affect individuals that are in the organization. Individuals that are in an environment with ethics and goals will be positively affected. If the organization is an unsafe, unethical environment the individuals will be negatively affected. Traits of an effective organization are having strong ethics beliefs and goals. An effective organization will have the employee’s needs in mind. Creating a happy work environment for individuals in the organization will improve dedication. Another trait is to be culturally diversified and have strict morals. These traits are a main focus for mangers in the organizations. My organization is unique from other organizations by the use of meetings to increase employees self esteem and let them know they are in a caring environment. Ensuring that employee’s needs are meant is a uniqueness that all organizations should consider. Employees are the lifeline to a company and control organizations productivity. The purpose to study organizational behavior is important because people in general are easy to fall into habit. The habits of individuals in a business setting are likely to be repeated. Studying organizational behavior can improve work places and improve employee/ management relations. The study helps to get an idea of how people function

A Critical Commentary Of Voltaires Candide English Literature Essay

A Critical Commentary Of Voltaires Candide English Literature Essay Voltaires work, Candide, uses powerful satirical narrative to represent slavery in the eighteenth century, the supposed Age of Reason, and Candides epiphany, represented throughout the course of the extract. The passage follows the travels of Candide and his fellows to Buenos-Aires, in search of his beloved Cunà ©gonde. After five days of travelling, he arrives, with Cacambo, outside the town of Surinam, where they encounter a mutilated slave. The theme of slavery is represented most effectively through the descriptions given by the characters, rather than the physical description of the scene provided by the narrator. A slave or nà ¨gre is found on the ground. His physical position, à ©tendu par terre, reflects his social class and the degradation of slaves. The slaves garment, un caleà §on de toile bleue, is hardly weather-proof or durable, highlighting the poverty endured by slaves and the ruthless attitude of their masters. Voltaire withholds the name of the slave, emphasising the disregard for human life implied within society. Nà ¨gre is used to represent the entire slave population. This pejorative term further highlights societys attitude. However, it is important to note that Candide first calls him mon ami, indicating his open nature, perhaps a reflection of Voltaires opinion of slavery. Whilst the masters of slaves are very disrespectful of their slaves, the nà ¨gre calls his keeper maà ®tre, showing a profound respect. To add to masters grandeur, the slave recalls his position in society, qualifying it with the adjective fameux. In this paragraph, the depiction of slavery is brutal, with the tragedies of the workplace and punishment discussed with a banal acceptance. The language used when the slave describes how la meule nous attrape le doigt, on nous coupe la main; quand nous voulons nous enfuir, on nous coupe la jambe gives a feeling of breathlessness and the futility of his attempt to escape. This description of suffering draws accurately on legislation concerning delinquent slaves set out in in the 1685 Code Noir  [2]  .The description also draws a parallel between the relationship between the slave and his master. Voltaires use of restrictive adverbials,  [3]  such as neà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦que demonstrate the physical effects of cruelty on the slave. The language used by the slave is resigned, with a repetitive use of passive structures such as on nous. The slave then coldly states, cest à   ce prix que vous mangez du sucre en Europe. This simple statement highlights the corruption, not only in slavery, but in all levels of society. Leibnizs philosophy of Optimism is evident in the representation of slavery. The slaves resigned account shows an acceptance of life shared with those who follow the belief of Optimism. Leibniz claimed that both human and moral evils were part of a greater good  [4]  .This is further emphasised by the qualification of slavery by the mother of the slave as un honneur. The slave adds an optimistic cependant; this sudden element of bathos reinforces Pangloss meilleur des mondes outlook on life. This optimistic view, personified through Pangloss, contrasts greatly with Candides opinions after witnessing the situation. The absurdity of Optimism, with reference to the slave-trade, is shown when Cacambo asks, Quest-ce que quoptimisme? Cacambo has not used an article before optimism, emphasising how little he cares for it. With reference to the novel as a whole, Optimism is only mentioned directly within this passage. As soon as it is mentioned, it is denounced. Further to the slaves acc ount, he compares his situation with that of des chiens, des singes et des perroquets. The animals might possibly represent the different social classes within society. The passage emphasises how slavery was represented in monetary terms; the slave was sold by his mother for ten à ©cus patagons, the currency of Spain at the time. Moreover, throughout the slaves account of how he came to be in this position, it appears that slavery was represented differently in the West from the homelands of the slaves. The nà ¨gre recalls how his mother told him ils te feront vivre heureux, describing it as an honour to work for nos seigneurs, les blancs. It is interesting that the masters are classed as les Blancs. Voltaire divides society not only by social class, but also by race. It is clear that the people of Guinà ©e were disillusioned by the notion of slavery. The confusion is further emphasised by the religious theme central to the passage. The lexical field of religion emphasises the religious beliefs of the slaves, a central theme in their African culture. Evidently, the slave is religious, as he attends church tous les dimanches. However, Voltaire highlights, yet again, the corruption within society by making it clear to the reader that the slave had been converted. The Pasteur claims that they are tous enfants dAdam, blancs et noirs. This contradicts his earlier statement of the masters being les blancs. Like his clothes and culture, his religious identity has been stripped from him. Here, Voltaire is criticising the social system of the period. It is clear that the slaves are taught what they know not to be true, yet they accept it as it is the way of the world in which they live. Despite Voltaires thought-provoking depiction of slavery in the passage, it is interesting to look critically at Candides attitude to the situation. When he first encounters the slave on the road, he addresses him in a friendly manner, symbolising his naivety and lack of understanding. Voltaires portrayal of Candides naivety is referenced even in his name. Candide is taken from Latin and connotes whiteness, openness, naivety, innocence and, more negatively, inexperience and credulity.  [5]  The passive language of the slave throughout his description of his horrific ordeal is a direct juxtaposition with the raw emotion portrayed through Candides reaction. The flaws in Panglosss optimism are clearly highlighted, especially during Candides discourse. W.H Barber suggest that the characters help Voltaire in his purpose of parodying the episodic adventure novel [making it possible for the reader] to view characters and narrative as it were externally, and consequently critically to become aware of the caricature and exaggeration, the deliberate implausibilities, the bathetic contrasts  [6]  . Despite Candides denouncing of belief, he does little else to react to the situation. Candide merely begins to cry, leaving the slave where he found him. The reader criticises Candide for not helping to free the slave from his bind in society. Voltaire is provoking this response in the reader to make clear the effects of passivity. He also seems to regard the problem as so large and horrifying that [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] one can only weep and go on ones way, or presumably, continue to eat sugar with a guilty conscience.  [7]   Throughout this passage, irony plays very little part. However, other narrative techniques are employed. Personal deixis is used when Candide is talking to the slave. He asks, que fais-tu là  , mon ami, dans là ©tat horrible oà ¹ je te vois?Here it is impossible for the reader to understand the situation and the horrible state that the slave is in without reading into the context of the question. The theme of culture can be thoroughly examined in this passage. Talking en hollandais, Candide emphasises his European background compared with the African culture of the slave. Division within society is clearly illustrated when the slave tells Candide that his mutilation is the price that he has paid to eat sugar en Europe. Voltaire demonstrates that the world is divided. Interestingly, the slave understands Candides Dutch, highlighting their cultural awareness, the importance of communication and the enforcement of other cultures upon slaves. The cultural toleration of the slaves is juxtaposed with the attitude of Western civilisation. African culture appears to be more family-oriented when compared with Candides upbringing. The slave refers to his mother, ma mere, showing his respect for the advice given to him by his family. Throughout this passage of Voltaires Candide, slavery is represented in a number of ways, most notably by the description provided by the slave himself. In addition, Candides attitude highlights the philosophy of Optimism that Voltaire aims to discuss throughout the entire book. It is said that the narrative of Candide is [..] a vehicle carefully designed to convey a philosophical discussion of topical concern both to the author and reader  [8]  . In conclusion, Voltaire has employed a palette of narrative techniques to enrich this passage of the book. Word Count= 1,490 Bibliography MHRA format Barber, W.H., Studies in French Literature 5, Voltaire: Candide (London: W.H. Barber, 1960) Cronk ,Professor Nicholas, Voltaire and the Voices of Enlightenment, read by Simon Russell Beale, (BBC Radio 3, 2010) Mason,Haydn, European Masters  : Voltaire (London  : Hutchinson, 1975) Williams,David, Voltaire:Candide (London: Grant and Cutler Ltd, 1997) Voltaire, Candide, Presentation by Jean Goldzink, (Paris, Editions Flammarion, 2007)

History of the Soybean :: Essays Papers

History of the Soybean Before cultivation, wild soybeans grew abundantly in northeast China and Manchuria. As early as 2700 B.C. they were classified as one of the five principal and sacred crops, having both medicinal and food value. They have been cultivated for at least 4,500 years. However, they were not very popular. (They were said to cause flatulence!) During times of bad harvests in China, soybeans were one of the nine staples on which starving millions in the country depended. In the famine of A.D. 194 when the price of millet soared in relation to the price of soybeans, many people were forced to eat soybeans which they often prepared in a gruel called congee. Buddhist monks experimented with soy cultivation and found that flour, milk, curd, and sauce from the soybean all brought necessary additions of protein to their vegetarian diets. They carried the soybean wherever they went as missionaries. By the sixth century A.D. they introduced it into Japan and Korea. When the soybean mixed with the Shinto religion, it quickly became a staple in the Japanese diet. From Japan, soldiers, merchants, and travelers helped to spread the soybean to Vietnam by 200 B.C., and to Thailand by the tenth century A.D. It reached India by the twelfth century, brought there by traders. The bean was slow to reach beyond Asia, however. Although the Spanish and Portuguese traded in East Asia, the soybean was slow to catch on in Europe; it did not fit into the various cuisines of the continent. In 1765, a sailor aboard an East India Company ship that had visited China brought soybeans to the American colonies. By the mid 1800’s the soybean was quickly being disseminated around the globe. During the Civil War, American farmers became interested in cultivating soybeans as a forage plant. This lowered the cost of feeding livestock by replacing the more expensive grass, hay, and corn. At the beginning of the twentieth century, America was trying to feed a population swelling with immigrants. Perhaps the bean that was so high in protein could feed people as well as animals. Soybean cultivation seemed like one way to meet the demand for more food. Following World War II, soybeans became the world’s most important crop. By the end of the war, the United States had become the biggest exporter, growing more than 75% of the world’s soybeans.

Civic Engagement

Civic Engagement and Political Awareness in the Youth of America Change is inevitable and the popular one hit wonder, Video Killed the Radio Star, echoes a nostalgic desire to appreciate the past. The simple, yet meaningful verse, â€Å"we can’t rewind we’ve gone too far,† drives home the notion that the past is in the past, and one can only move forward. The song directly relates to technological changes in music at that time period.The lyrics give the impression radio will be replaced by visually stimulating music videos; however, the future has proved that radio has not been replaced; music has merely been enhanced by the continuous change of technological advancements. Political scientist and professor, Robert Putnam illustrates in his book, Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital, how one of the primary culprits in the decline of political awareness and civic engagement is the new media, for example, the Internet. Further studies suggest thi s is not necessarily the case.Video Killed the Radio Star mirrors the relentless argument of whether the mass media has hindered or assisted in political awareness and civic activity in adolescents and young adults. The radio made people famous, and even after music videos became popular, music was still streamed through a radio and continues to be used to this day. Studies have shown that civic engagement and political awareness has declined, at all age levels, and yet there is evidence that the mass media can have a positive effect on cultivating social capital, especially in the interest of young voters in America.The issue at hand is not mass media, but how mass media can be used as a means to stay informed on community issues and how it can create a sense of community. In the article, America’s Youth and Community Engagement: How Use of Mass Media is Related to Civic Activity and Political Awareness in 14- to 22-Year-Olds, the authors begin by providing troubling evidenc e, â€Å"Voter turnout in congressional and presidential elections has dropped since 1960†¦ Americans are less involved in political activities ranging from signing petitions to attending rallies† (Pasek, Kenski, Romer, and Jamieson 115).Putnam compares the decline in civic engagement to the massive decline of bowling leagues; however, as bowling memberships are declining, the number of people bowling has increased. He explains the concept of a bonding capital and a bridging capital within the social capital as a whole. The theory of bonding and bridging can also be described in terms of strong ties and weak ties of networking.Professors Homero Gil de Zuniga and Sebastian Valenzuela explored Putnam’s research further in their article, The Mediating Path to a Stronger Citizenship: Online and Offline Networks, Weak Ties and Civic Engagement, finding it inclusive that bridging, or associating with weak ties provide one with a greater networking base, and therefore mo re information and resources. Bridging and weak ties are when an individual socializes with people who are different from themselves. Bonding and strong ties are individuals who are linked to each other on varying levels of intimacy; for example, one’s inner circle of friends and family.Putnam additionally points out that bonding and bridging strengthen each other. Because of the decline of bonding, there is a decline in bridging, which he links to the drop of organizational forms of capital due to the mass media. Like Putnam, authors Zuniga and Valenzuela agree that â€Å"larger networks foster civic participation so long as they provide access to weak ties,† yet they take into consideration that the internet is vast with diversity and is not â€Å"geographically bounded,† and therefore â€Å"argue that the online context should be more strongly associated with weak-tie communication than the offline context† (405).According to Zuniga and Valenzuela, thi s connection shows that internet based networks and weak ties will be more effective than the relationship between personal, offline networking and weak ties. The authors mentioned earlier, Josh Pasek, Kate Kenski, Daniel Romer, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson conducted a telephone survey to assess â€Å"12 different uses of mass media as well as awareness of current national politics and time spent in civic activities† in respect to the youth and how mass media is related to political awareness and civic activity (115).If the conclusion made by Zuniga and Valenzuela is accurate, then the new media will have a positive effect on the younger population’s role in developing social capital. Historically, when print media flourished, it served as a way to stay in touch with the community of readers with no face-to-face interaction and â€Å"made possible the development of the modern nation state† (117). Internet is just another mechanism to build social networks, in whi ch interpersonal communication is absent, like the newspaper.However, unlike the newspaper, internet provides individuals with an extensive opportunity to network with people who are not in their inner circle, thus weak ties are created. Furthermore, Pasek, Kenski, Romer, and Jamieson examine how some forms of media are more effective than others, and explain how media that solely exists to entertain adolescents and young adults can aid in promoting group activities with individuals that can share their experiences and develop a sense of community.They are still experiencing social participation, even if the activity is not directly associated with civic activities. The authors evaluated the 12 different uses of mass media and assessed each media variable based on if it improved political awareness or civic engagement, or both. The researchers also included demographic predictors that would correspond with the study: age, race, gender, and socioeconomic status. It is apparent that a dults would have a higher amount of political knowledge. â€Å"The average education level in our sample was 10. years of schooling†¦ Of respondents, 78. 9 percent were currently students,† which would give them the edge since there are more opportunities to become involved in community service activities and clubs the schools have to offer. Some schools require community service to graduate. Socioeconomic status also plays a role in political awareness and civic engagement. This correlates directly to the fact that individuals who are wealthier have the resources and means to educate their children and are probably highly educated as well.Race and gender is yet another factor in evaluating political knowledge and civic engagement, whereas â€Å"whites appear more politically aware than Blacks, Hispanics, and other non-Whites†¦ however, race has not been as strongly related in one direction or the other [in regards to civic engagement, and]†¦ women, on average , belong to more associations and organizations than men but tend to exhibit less political knowledge† (123).The results of How Use of Mass Media is Related to Civic Activity and Political Awareness in 14- to 22- Year-Olds, revealed that if media usage increased in frequency, it had a negative impact on political awareness and civic engagement, which is to be expected. Although reading remained positive, the results showed individuals took longer to develop a well-rounded political knowledge base if their reading increased. This is the cause of a decrease in active engagement with others. The authors could not predict if newspapers increased civic activity, however, it was evident that it increased political awareness.Civic activity was strongly related to political awareness, and the findings also concluded that the Internet increased civic engagement, along with listening to news on the radio, following shows on television, and reading magazines. Not only were civic activiti es found to be directly related to political awareness, but the media had an overall positive effect on civic engagement and political knowledge. In his research, Putnam fails to assess new ways to approach civic engagement and political awareness, and instead looks to the old.Relating civic engagement to the decline of bowling leagues seems futile to the reader, especially to a young adult. As society changes, activities change; people change. The youth of today are more interested in modern technology, which is why more candidates should reevaluate how they approach the younger generation in regards to the elections and make use of the Internet during elections. Because young voters are growing up in a time when technology is usually readily available to them, they look mostly to the web for political information.Youth turnout for the 2004 elections showed â€Å"marked increases. † Most likely prompted by the war in Iraq, intense efforts were made to ensure younger generati ons were actively engaged throughout the campaigns. New media tools were also used, with websites put up that focused on attracting the younger population to politics; â€Å"an estimated 28 percent of 18- 29-year-olds received most of their information about the campaigns via the Internet in 2004, making them the age group most reliant on new media for political information about the election† (Xenos and Bennett 444).However, in the article The Disconnection in Online Politics, Michael Xenos and W. Lance Bennett stress the fact that although younger voters are participating online, they are less likely to visit a site that is sponsored by a specific party or electoral candidate. Unfortunately, politicians are very slow when adapting to the modern world of technology, and do not make use of the web to attract young voters. On sites like Rock the Vote, they give young voters access to interactive features, and yet links to websites with related political information and resourc es are not easily accessible.Young voters only attain a morsel of information from youth engagement websites. Between 2002 and 2004, Xenos and Bennett conducted an extensive analysis of political sites that focused on youth involvement, as well as electoral sites, and they found the â€Å"overall pattern is one of overlap† (456). The candidates’ websites were not designed to attract young voters. They merely addressed the same issues on their sites as seen on the youth sites; however, on the electoral sites they clearly were not reaching out to the younger population of voters.Professional consultants correlate politicians’ indifference to youth voters because senior citizens have a higher voting rate. Xenos and Bennett express their disappointment, â€Å"younger voters who ignore politicians largely do so because politicians largely ignore them† (457). It is ironic because voters are less involved in politics due to politicians’ lack of interest i n their appeals, and politicians show disregard for the youth because of their low voting turnout and vice versa.If politicians, our leaders, are putting the youth aside, who is going to devote the time to inform the younger generation of the importance on civic activities and political awareness? In correlation with the decline of adult involvement in social participation and volunteering, people simply do not have the time or energy to devote to their own needs, let alone join a civic organization. In today’s society, both parents work to make ends meet.There are usually a higher percentage of female volunteers to male volunteers, but now that women are taking on raising children, housework, and working an additional 15 hours per week than men, the idea of becoming involved in community activities is overwhelming. The economy is in a stale state, and since the 1970s, the percentage of single mothers has increased dramatically (Freedman 246). Children are being isolated more often than not, which can also result in the disregard for community and civic engagement.Mentoring programs are unreliable, and many adolescents and young adults are left in the dark without an adult role model: â€Å"In his essay â€Å"Building Community, John Gardner [Miriam and Peter Haas Centennial Professor at Stanford Business School] offers both consolation and wisdom about the historical process of community erosion and renewal†¦ â€Å"disintegration of human communities is as old as human history†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"We can’t know all the forms community will take, but we know the values and the kinds of supporting structures we want to preserve. We are a community building species.We might become remarkably ingenious at creating new forms of community for a swiftly changing world. †Ã¢â‚¬  (Freedman 248) Robert Putnam insists on looking to the old, and if he must, he should look at the potential of civic renewal in the volunteering of senior citizens . Over the past thirty years, the population of Americans over the age of 65 has doubled and will continue to increase. Marc Freedman, the author of the article, Towards Civic Renewal, Journal of Gerontological Social Work, expresses his faith in the nation’s retirees to change the deterioration of volunteerism in the U.S. , where children are in need of the most help. If children at an earlier age gained better insight into what it means to have a sense of community and belonging, they would have a better awareness of civic engagement and a broader knowledge base of politics on the state, local, and national level. Senior citizens also have the time, and there is evidence that implies older adults are looking to stay active in their communities; â€Å"As one recent U. S Administration on Aging-sponsored survey reveals, a full 37. percent of older Americans say they would volunteer if asked, while an additional 25. 6 percent already volunteering indicate that they would like to devote more time to service,† and they prefer to work with the younger generation (Freedman 249). Not only will it help the children, but it will also help the senior citizens. 55 percent of seniors feel a sense of uselessness when they retire†¦ a 25-yr National Institute of Mental Health study finds, for example, that â€Å"highly organized activity is the single strongest predictor, other than not smoking, of longevity and vitality† (Freedman 250).The local and federal government is known for lost proposals. Perhaps some of them would have been successfully planned out and put into action if accepted, and Freedman makes the idea of senior involvement seem feasible. Freedman provides the reader with examples of effective programs in community involvement created by the older population; one example is a â€Å"union-sponsored initiative that helps nonviolent juvenile offenders find and keep blue-collar jobs. Freedman goes onto explain to doubtful readers that are thinking, where is this money going to come from? America’s budget is steadily falling into a rabbit hole, and yet the author is confident in the â€Å"†talent, experience and commitment† of older adults,† and their ability to organize well and get tasks completed quickly and effectively (252). Civic engagement and political awareness is declining because of the absence of an inspiring role model in the youth of today, and this program shows romise of creating a healthier sense of community for the older and the younger generations. Reiterating authors’, Homero Gil de Zuniga and SebastianValenzuela’s earlier consensus, the decline in civic engagement is not the consequence of the mass media and modern age of technology. The importance of weak ties through the Internet is actually seen through the web of networking that people from all over the world create, which ignites a stronger relationship in civic participation than networking face-t o-face with weak ties.This finding was reinforced by the study on various media uses in the article; How Use of Mass Media is Related to Civic Activity and Political Awareness in 14- to 22- Year-Olds, where the end result is conclusive with Zuniga and Valenzuela’s evidence. The media can enhance civic engagement and political awareness if used sparingly and in the right context. â€Å"The mind is a double edged sword. It has immense power and it is capable of accomplishing both useful and destructive feats. † (Atharva Veda http://thinkexist. com/quotes/atharva_veda/). It is not the media that is destructive.The minds of the populace are ignoring the real issue at hand. The mind could be used more effectively in developing new ideas to encourage civic engagement and political awareness in the younger population. The media actually promotes civic participation and therefore is directly related to political awareness; overall the media has a positive effect on social capi tal. It is the communities’ job to instill these values on the children so they can grow into informed adults and have their own opinions and ideas, passing those values onto their children and so on.Bibliography Freedom, Mark. â€Å"Towards Civic Renewal. † Journal of Gerontological Social Work 28. 3 (1997): 243-63. EBSCOhost. The Haworth Press, Inc. , 11 Oct. 2008. Web. 1 Oct. 2011. . Pasek, Josh, Kate Kenski, Daniel Romer, and Kathleen H. Jamieson. â€Å"America's Youth andCommunity Engagement: How Use of Mass Media Is Related to Civic Activity andPolitical Awareness in 14- to 22-Year-Olds | DeepDyve. † DeepDyve – Millions ofArticles At Your Fingertips. Sage, 27

HOW DID STALIN ACHIEVE POLITIC essays

HOW DID STALIN ACHIEVE POLITIC essays HOW DID STALIN ACHIEVE POLITICAL DOMINANCE BY 1929 By 1929, Stalin had attained total political dominance in the Communist party and this was due to a variety of factors caused by the death of Lenin and the leadership struggle that followed it. A major factor was Trotsky and his failures. Trotsky was the most able member of the communist party to take over leadership after Lenin's death. However, he was disliked in the party due in part to his strengths. Trotsky was seen as a Napoleonic potential dictator as he had much in common with Napoleon, he was clever, organised and very much apeople person?. He was a prominent diplomat and was the charismatic leader who had brought the Bolsheviks victory in the civil war. However, he was also unpredictable, arrogant and strong willed something the leaders did not like, as they would then have little influence over him if he became leader. He was also the leader of the Red Army, the much loved and respected military group who were under his direct control as Commissar for War. He was feared by political leaders as someone who would use his army to take control and so the prominent leaders chose someone who they felt could beguided? easier. Trotsky had rejected Bolshevism in the earl y years of the party and only joined when it was likely that the Bolsheviks would take control. He was seen as not having been a servant of the communist belief, leading to mistrust as to whether he was a true communist and whether he would keep to communist beliefs or whether he would set himself up as a dictator with absolute power. These reasons meant that three of the most influential members of the Politburo: Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev. This troika was the single most powerful group and allowed Stalin, the leader, to denounce his main contender and set himself up as a potential leader. Stalin was seen by the politburo as a good successor to Lenin as he was seen as weaker then Trotsky and so more able to b...

Everybodys Ethnic Enigma Example

Everybodys Ethnic Enigma Example Everybody's Ethnic Enigma – Article Example Everybodys Ethnic Enigma In every society, differences occur among individuals. Such differences may naturally occur or may be established out of people’s doing. Some natural differences in the global scene include sex, race, disability and sexual orientation. While the afore-mentioned differences are natural, individuals have different perceptions regarding such differences. This article will explore differences as described by Rosenblum and Travis and its applicability in McLeod’s â€Å"Everybody’s Ethnic Enigma†. According to Rosenblum and Travis (2005), differences in American society are evident in the way people perceive sex, class, sexual orientation and race. According to the two authors, racial categories exist without regard to social processes. Instead, they are objective categories that exist in the real sense among individuals. The two authors also reveal that conceptions are devoid of meanings except those given them by observers. In other wo rds, Rosenblum and Travis believe that difference is a creation rather than an intrinsic phenomenon. What this really means is that individuals make judgments based on their perspectives as opposed to their nature. Differences are greatly emphasized by Jaliet Macleod’s biracial character nature in â€Å"Everybody’s Ethnic Enigma† (1976). The biracial character is perceived to be white as opposed to Asian by some, and her Asian roots are looked at with disappointment. From her experiences, it is almost clear that ethnicity is a factor that bears heavily on the way people are treated in America (and possibly other societies) in spite of the society claiming to be liberal. Upon discovering that she is not pure white, the man in the elevator is disappointed and admits that he thought that she was â€Å"one of us†. It is evident that people’s communications and experiences borrow a lot from their understanding of differences. The aspect of privilege is very evident in â€Å"Experiencing Differences†. The privileged in society feel that they are entitled to certain things that others are not entitled to. They have a feeling that they should be rewarded, acknowledged and respected according to Rosenblum and Travis (1996). People who belong to privileged groups also believe that they deserve recognition and benefits for their statuses without really appreciating how such benefits are derived. In McLeod’s article, people derive status by belonging to one ethnic group and not the other. This is seen in the way the she is treated by those who would wish to believe that she is white and not Asian. She however has mastered the art of fitting into each group and manages to auger well with people of different ethnic backgrounds in different occasions.In conclusion, differences many times occur naturally, and are perceived differently depending on the experiences and background of observers. Difference is the observer’s creation and not an intrinsic characteristic. People from privileged groups always feel like they should be treated in certain ways and that they deserve certain things.ReferencesMacleod J. (1976) Everybody’s Ethnic Enigma: Washington. Largo Publisher. Rosenblum K & Travis T. (2005) The Meaning of Difference: American Constructions Of Race, Sex And Gender, Social Class, And Sexual Orientation. Mcgraw-hill.Rosenblum, K. and Travis, T. (1996) ‘Experiencing difference’. New York: McGraw-Hill.

The Threshold Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Threshold Issues - Essay Example Jurisdiction determines which court should properly adjudicate a case. AS such, it is the power and authority of a court to hear, try and decide a case. It is conferred by the Constitution, by federal and state statutes. It is important that a court must have jurisdiction over the parties or the property involved in the controversy. A Federal court in order to exercise its jurisdiction must meet certain requisites. First, there must be an actual controversy calling for the exercise of judicial power. Second, the parties in the actual controversy must have legal standing to sue and be sued. Third, the case must present the dispute and issue must be ripe for adjudication and it likewise a case that the court has the power to remedy, and finally, the case cannot be moot. It can be inferred from the foregoing discussion on jurisdiction that the instant case was not able to comply with the requisites so as to vest the Federal court the jurisdiction to hear and determine the case. With regards the requisite of actual controversy, the instant case was bereft of an actual controversy. ... In the instant case, it should be noted that there is no law to speak of, since what was passed by Congress was still a bill and therefore, a bill not duly enacted cannot be considered as a law and correspondingly, it vests no rights. On the issue of legal standing, herein plaintiff has no legal standing. Plaintiff has not been aggrieved or legally harmed by the defendant Border Patrol, there being only the plaintiff's fear of or detention. Additionally, the constitution limits the role of the judiciary that Federal courts may only exercise its power in the last resort and as a necessity. Aside from the foregoing, the instant case likewise fell short of the constitutional requirements for legal standing on the actual, imminent, distinct and palpable injury which must not be abstract. There is also no causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of and finally, it must not be speculative so as for the court to favorably redress the injury. On the issue of ripeness, it can be inferred in the instant case that it is not ripe for adjudication, since the plaintiff's claim is based on a future event which may or may not happen. A claim is not ripe for adjudication if it rests upon contingent future events that may or may not occur. The Ripeness doctrine prohibits the federal courts from exercising jurisdiction over a case until an actual controversy is presented which involves a threat which is real and immediate. A matter is moot if it is deprived of practical significance. The instant case, being deprived of practical significance should be dismissed for being moot. A political question is one under which the US constitution has committed decision-making on the subject matter to another branch of the federal government or there are inadequate

Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Analysis - Case Study Example ollowing issues: To begin with, the supply process was characterized by manual modes of operations, creating time challenges with regard to operations of the Company; moreover, the manual aspect of the supply process compelled the company to apply large amount of labor resources. Another issue that faced Phase 1 of R/3 implementation process is the fact that the Macpac package that was applied to manage shop floor operations did not have capacities for simulation in order to operate alternative operational processes. Moreover, the system did not have the capacity to support formal procedures of distributing resource planning. Consequently, this phase is characterized by a scenario whereby Material Requirement Planning was supported in a partial dimension. The use of manual operational processes that were used in the previous operational systems was replaced by the use of a Macpac Package that was applied to manage and control various floor operations. The fact that the system did not support a formal operational system, did not deter the company from achieving its goals, due to the fact that it was solved by implementing a replenishment schedule that took into consideration predefined economic facets. On the other hand, the challenge facing Material Requirement Planning was solved through manual operations that basically involved physical entering of pre-planned orders. Phase II of the project was conducted in October, 1998; one of the issues that was faced in the second face of the project that seem to have been more complex as compared to Phase I, is the fact that the use of MacPac and FYI Planner systems were not able to facilitate some desired changes in the second phase of the project. Specifically, the FYI Planner forecasting software was not able to facilitating forecasting on the dimension of customer by customer, as required by the company. Another complex challenge that characterized the second phase of Geneva’s operational improvement project was

Not sure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Not sure - Assignment Example the same method, conceptual methodology of previous studies was also referenced as a means of providing the researcher a framework through which they could understand how prior research identified the very same terms and sought to draw inference upon them. The design of the study was concentric upon creating a sample of individuals that would be reflective of a standard number of the broader population. The data was collected in terms of interview questions and analyzed via the authors after these interviews were conducted. The main finding had to do with the fact that both men and women faked orgasm during all manner of sexual relations; however, women statistically faked it almost twice as much as men. The greatest limitation of the research is contingent upon the fact that an individual respondent was under a great many societal and gender expectations to answer in a given way; reducing the possible validity of the findings based upon these biases. Similarly, the greatest strength was with regards to the statistical size of the group that was measured; far exceeding what was needed, this providing the reader with a tacit understanding the a rigorous study was

Human Resource Managers in a Multinational Company Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Managers in a Multinational Company Essay 1. ‘To what extent are human resource managers in a multinational company restricted by cultural and institutional factors in implementing policies and practices across their subsidiaries? Discuss your answer giving examples.’ In the face of globalization, organisations struggle to develop the human resource management strategy (HRMS) between global integration and local differentiation. This is regarded as a critical concern for multinational enterprises (MNEs) since they suffer from cultural and institutional differences to integrate HRM practices and shape HRM activities to operate abroad. Regarding that, each cultural and institutional factors are developed over its history with unique insight into managing the organisation, the appropriate HRM practice would vary. The differentiation in national culture and institution call the different management practices that need to be concerned significantly especially for multinational companies’ managers. Researchers highlight the congruence between these factors and HR practice for higher organsational performance. When the HRM practice fits with the basic value shared by employees, the job satisfaction, employee motivation and commitment will be attained. This comes with the implication that cultural and institutional factors are pivotal in shaping the decisions and policies of managers of organisations. In this essay, it will explain what is the institutional and cultural factor with theoretical approach. After that it will suggest implications of institutional and cultural perspective for International Human Resource Management to answer how these factors influence in implementing management policies and practices. According to Hofstede (1991), Culture refers to the â€Å"shared sets of beliefs, values and norms† that is programmed into an actor’s mind. It is regarded as the psychological ‘software’ and sets of informal rule, while institution is more ‘hardware’ of modified and negotiated legal systems that actors follow. The institutionalism emphasises the legitimacy, which organsations struggle to acquiring and maintaining in relation to the environment. One of the new institutionalist theories, the ‘Variety of capitalism’, treats the corporation as a relationships network that locates organisation in its  stakeholders with employees and with competitors. The approach highlights the importance of institutional complementarities that argue the success of an organisation depending on the capability to coordinate effectively. The theory draws two types of political and economic structures across nations. One is the liberal market economic orientation (LME) and the other is the coordinated market economic orientation (CME). Companies in some North-Western European countries including Germany and Switzerland with CMEs tend to have highly structured arrangements in labour market that form strong trade union. Banks in these countries are highly coordinated with firms and have long-term capital. In contrast, there are loose hire and fire labour market regulations and dispersed international investors in the U.K and U.S.A where classified as LMEs. The source of finance in these countries is the stock market, with the clear difference. The figure1 demonstrates that corporations in these different types of systems do not operate in the same market. Figure 1. Institutions across sub-spheres of the political economy Source: Hall and Soskice, (2001) It shows the positions of OCED countries that describe institutional character in the financial and labour market. The higher development in a stock market implies higher dependency on market coordination with emphasis on financial criteria, whereas a higher degree of protection for employees is likely to rely more on non-market criteria. The flexible labour market in LMEs is suitable to easy access to stock market capital. Due to the competitive market conditions, firms in LME markets highly emphasise the financial performance rather than long-term strategies. Nervous investors such as those from the hedge fund tend to hesitate to investing in companies with long-term and uncertain employee training that ties capital in workers’ skills. Conversely, long-term employment arrangement and long-term capital remain in the essence of CMEs. The institutional considerations lead to different types of organisational behavior and investment patterns that shape different HRM policies and practices. Firms in LMEs emphasise short-term competition that likely treat  employees as disposable resources. Employees’ performances are appraised individually with a financial incentive system so managers are empowered to control HRM with considerable autonomy. Investments in employee training and development are classified as ‘overhead.’ `In contrast, HRM polices in CMEs regard employees as valuable assets for sustaining a competitive advantage thus tend to make a greater effort in investments in product innovation and employee development encouraging employment stability. In the system, the higher degrees of job security and work force commitment are derived, since its employment regulation and laws are protected from strong trade union and government. Moreover, different business systems across nations also significantly impact HRM issues. The issues including working hours, scheme of performance appraisal and job contract are highly influenced by local institutional arrangement. The MNCs in Japan prioritize work organisation, which contains quality oriented and flexible practice, and their HR practices are adopted to be suitable with this approach. Likewise, German MNCs, where short run financial ratio is not a greater concern, rely more on long term strategies that highly regulate the hours of work and worker participation. In this regard, the ability of MNCs to fit various institutional arrangements with the local environment is essential to have an advantage in global operations. The evidence from the survey conducted by Guest and Hoque (1996) show that MNCs in Germany do not implement their ‘best practices’ into subsidiaries in the U.K. such as long-term employment plans, union perception and employee training. Another crucial factor managers from MNCs should consider for effective HRM is culture. It is assumed as ‘the major source of differentiation’ in managerial behavior among different nations. One of the most widely cited approaches to culture, Hofstede’s study (1980), classifies four cultural dimensions based on the survey data from 116,000 IBM employees. The study suggests possible origin and consequence for managerial behavior in different dimension contexts. Power distance reflects the dependent relationship between superior and subordinate. Companies in high power distance subordinate have high dependence to superior with greater reverence through the hierarchical structure. Uncertainty avoidance measures different degrees of preparation for future risk and ambiguity. In risk adverse  organisations, rule making and bureaucracy are placed to deal with possibilities of risk and members prefer to behave what they are expected. Individualism versus collectivism dimension reveals the different level of desire to feeling that they belong with a group. At last, masculinity versus femininity dimension presents different values that masculine and feminine society prefer differently. Highly masculine societies have a higher tendency to be competitive since high earning and challenging careers are important values for employees. In societies with femininity tendencies, values related to satisfaction, security and cooperation are emphasised. The study highlights the importance of culture to coordinate different managerial behavior for international businesses. Another cross-cultural approach, Hall’s study (1976) classifies cultures into low and high context cultures, each with distinct demands and preferences. The culture characterizes the nature of human relationship, communication and authority. For example, the line of distinction between high and low context cultural communication has been particularly documented. According to Hall and Hall (1990), in high context communication, speakers tend to utilize relative indirect style of communication. On the other hand, in low context communication, speakers often employ more or less direct communication style. Clearly, these communication dimensions area is an overlap of the individualism-collectivism from Hofstede’s study. Collectivist societies often concern about minimizing the chances of hurting other parties. These groups emphasise the value conformity and traditions. It is for this reason that they prefer to use high context communication. The team members of collectivists often prefer communicating directly with their leaders. They are often concerned about avoiding responses that are negative, a move that is aimed at maintaining harmony. Any form of communication is aimed at fostering interpersonal communication. The tendency is reversed in individualist societies where each member pays more attention to personal goals and interests. The different communication styles and human relationships naturally relate to the different preferences of organisational structure that shape the HRM practices and policies. The culture influences multiple aspects of HRM, thus it is likely to be  effective when HR practice and policy fit with the culture. In regard to recruitment, collectivistic cultures prefer network based recruitment method like employee referrals. The method is supposed to enhance employee commitment and loyalty that strengthens the social network. Since collectivism highlights cooperation rather than individual achievement, it more considers candidates’ ascribed statuses more than personal skills and knowledge. Conversely, employers in an individualistic organisation select candidates based on necessary abilities through highly structured methods such as bureaucratic interviews. Similarly, the organisation with high uncertainty avoidance index prefers open recruitment with the use of more structured selection method as it is highly correlated with formalisation. In terms of performance appraisal, individualised appraisal and rewards are highly correlated with individualism and lower degree of uncertainty avoidance. Regarding that various reward practices based on individual performance would result in uncertainty it is less likely to emerge in risk adverse society. The incentive scheme may also not be needed in high power distance cultures since subordinates are more likely to be motivated by superiors’ direction. The merit-based selection and promotion, which consider individual performance and contribution to the organisation is related to individualism and low level of power distance. It is opposed to the value from collectivism and femininity that emphasise group harmony and cooperation. In conclusion, institution and culture significantly influence in managerial behavior. It is needed to take institutional and cultural factors into consideration in shaping and adopting management policies and practices. Cultural and institutional factors are so varied that they integrate all the factors oriented towards social and ethical responsibilities, which is a major focus for contemporary organisations. Cultural values demands that decision and policies that managers make reflect the interests of the society, including those of the institutions. Since the inappropriate management concept may trigger misunderstanding and conflict among subsidiaries it is vital for effective management. Clearly, Institutional and cultural researches contribute to analysing and understanding various manifestations of HR across a border. However, managers should take careful  consideration before implementing specific HR practices or policies to prevent overly deterministic connection from the theoretical context. In order to achieve successful performance, MNCs have to adjust and moderate management practice in accordance with the local environment. The differences in a business system, local environment and culture between home and host countries are the significant determinants for both evolutions. References: [1] Aycan, Z. (2005), ‘The interplay between cultural and institutional/structural contingencies in human resource management practices’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(7), pp. 1083-1119. [2] Earley, P.C. (1994), ‘Self or group? Cultural effects of training on self-efficacy and Performance’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(1), pp. 89-117. [3] Gomez-Mejia, L.Y Welbourne, T. (1991), ‘Compensation strategies in a global context’, Human Resource Planning, 14. pp. 29-42 [4] Guest. D. Hoque, K. (1996) National Ownership and HR Practices in UK Greenfield Sites, Human Resource Management Journal, 6(4), pp. 50-74. [5] Hall, E.T. (1976), Beyond culture, New York: Anchor Books [6] Hall, E.T. Hall, M.R. (1990) ‘Understanding Cultural Differences’, Yarmouth, MA: Intercultural Press. [7] Hall, P.A. Soskice, D. (2001) ‘An introduction to varieties of capitalism’ in Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford: Oxford University Press [8] Hofstede, G. (1980), Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values, California: Sage Publications [9] Hofstede, G. (1991), Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill [10] Tsui, A.S., Nifadkar, S.S. Ou, A.Y. (2007) ‘Cross-national, cross-cultural organizational behaviour research: Advances, gaps and recommendations’, Journal of Management, 33 (3), pp. 426–478. [ 1 ]. Earley, P.C. (1994), ‘Self or group? Cultural effects of training on self-efficacy and Performance’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(1), 89-117 [ 2 ]. Hall, P.A. Soskice, D. (2001) ‘An introduction to varieties of capitalism’ in Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Page 1. [ 3 ]. Hall, P.A. Soskice, D. (2001) ‘An introduction to varieties of capitalism’ in Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Page 4. [ 4 ]. Tsui, A.S., Nifadkar, S.S. Ou, A.Y. (2007) ‘Cross-national, cross-cultural organizational behavior research: Advances, gaps and recommendations’, Journal of Management, 33 (3), pp. 426–478. [ 5 ]. Aycan, Z. (2005), ‘The interplay between cultural and institutional/structural contingencies in human resource management practices’, International J ournal of Human Resource Management, 16(7), pp. 1083-1119. [ 6 ]. Gomez-Mejia, L.Y Welbourne, T. (1991), ‘Compensation strategies in a global context’, Human Resource Planning, 14. pp. 29-42

Acquisition Of An Aircraft Manufactory Management Essay

Acquisition Of An Aircraft Manufactory Management Essay In this section, Balogun Hope Hailey (1999) (cited at Johnson and Scholes, 2002) and leadership theory (Handy 1993) will be use to analysis the evaluation of the challenges faced by Rolls Royce acquisition of a competitor. 9 Leadership Analysis 10 Appendix D-Value Chain 19 Introduction Rolls-Royce was established by a small group of employees for engine in 1981; today the brand means more than engineering excellence (Roll Royce website). Simon Robertson was Chairman from 2004 to now (Rolls-Royce Annual Report 2009). By the mid 1980s, a headquarters was set up in London. The company has four different ancestral companies and products in Bristol, Coventry and  Derby. There are several allied group at Hucknall, Leavesden and in Scotland at East Kilbride and Hillington (Roll Royce website). Roll-Royce has four key markets includes civil aerospace, defense aerospace, marine, energy and nuclear more recently. Rolls Royces main rival is GE Engines. Rolls Royce was better position than its competitors as most of its engines are relatively new. Analysts predict that airlines are likely to ground older planes, leaving Rolls Royce with the lucrative spares and maintenance market. (Walker, 2010) Rolls-Royce revenue are increased  ¿Ã‚ ¡916 million from 2008 to 2009. The revenues are grown from three main market, including marine market increasing 17% arrived at  ¿Ã‚ ¡2589 million, defense aerospace add 19% arrived at  ¿Ã‚ ¡2010 million and the most raise at 36% in energy businesses had a strong performance in 2009, which from  ¿Ã‚ ¡755 million to  ¿Ã‚ ¡1028 million with revenues up by 36 per cent to over 1 billion. The revenue from civil aerospace business was decreased 21 million from 2008 to 2009. Because of the group maintains that a number of currency cash balances throughout of the whole year. The significant foreign exchange rates in 2009, and cash balances were reduced  ¿Ã‚ ¡141 million by retranslation at end of the year and hence total cash flow was dropped at  ¿Ã‚ ¡(183) million(Rolls-Royce Annual Report 2009). Analysis of the Current Business Environment Affecting the industry Macro-environment The PESTLE analysis (Appendix A) will forces on civil aerospace engine sector. Under the economic recession that is directly influence on the civil aerospace engine sales and redundant some staffs. But for the future view, the governments supported from RD. Aerospace industry trend is expected to receive large orders for civil aircraft mainly from the emerging Asian countries, such as China, India etc. Much of the regulations are followed by International Civil Aviation Organization. The aerospace industries put the money on new materials finding and using, in order to reduce the climate changes, and innovated to reduce the noise. In future trends, aerospace industry needs to tackle the problems of climate changes and engine noise. Joint venture is the normal way in order to developing industries; hence the revenant laws will be followed. Micro-environment Porters Five Forces analysis (Appendix B) described that the threat of entry in civil aerospace engine is lower, because the industry needs high technology machine and high skills of employees to using and it is quite expensive for entry the industry. Threat of substitution in aerospace engine industry also lower, because finding new materials or new technology to replace is difficult or quite expensive. Aerospace engine industry has several suppliers; they have the choice to find out the best suppliers, such as there has several material suppliers in existing market, the engine industry have higher power to choice the quality and negated with the price. It can be influence on the industry compatibility but not strongly. Hence, there is Low to Medium power of suppliers. The power of buyers is quite strong, which from medium to High power of buyers. It is influence on the industry, for example prices, technology training, and the repair and overhauls expertise of whole industry supply chain system and dedicated support of established worldwide customers. The industries have the large commercial buyers and have huge influences on industry revenues. It is medium to high for the competitive rivalry in aerospace engine industry; there has several existing competitors, such as Hampson Industries; Honeywell International; Safran; and GE etc. Although it is difficult to entry and substituted in this industry, some of these competitors have stronger engineering, manufacturing and marketing capabilities than Rolls-Royce (Datamonitor, 2009). Main opportunities and threats For Aerospace industry, the current threats are financial crisis and the barrier entry. The industry requires high technology and finds new material in order to reduce the noise and climate changes. We expect to grow the market share by exploring new geographic location in 2010 and by increasing the product portfolios (Metal central news 2009) It is difficult and more expensive for the innovation of new technology and finds new material for using within the aerospace industry. More recently, aerospace industry is increasing slowly in Europe countries. But there are still has the opportunity in Asian market, such as China and India etc (ICAO annual report, 2008). The industries are suggested the government to reduce the barrier entry into the market, due to increasing technology and find out the new materials (BBC News, 2009). Technology has the opportunity for industry developing in the future. Current technology was complained by several organizations, such as Greenpeace etc, it has published the second edition of the Energy Revolution scenario, which shows a global plan for a sustainable renewable economic future. It shows where the industries need to be to avoid a climate change disaster (Greenpeace, 2009). Under the pressure of those organizations that effects on the developing new technologies, due to reduce noise and climate changes. It still has the threats in entry barriers; lower barrier can help industry to find other materials or technology innovation, but not sure is the best way. Analysis of Rolls Royce Strategic Capabilities Roll Royce strategic capabilities analysis will be followed by Gerry et al (2009), which states the way of diagnosing organizational capabilities includes analyzing value chain to understanding the value to their customers; and resources to the relative performance of organizations. At the end of this section the summary of strengths and weaknesses will be given. 3.1 Value Chain Analysis (Appendix D) Primary activities The company is a leading supplier of civil, defense, marine, and energy. From the value chain primary activities shows that Rolls Royce has inventory control system, equipment maintenance, for finished engine products will to their inventory, and then distributed to their customers. Customer support, repair service, and training will be given for customers. Qualities service Corporate Care is engine maintenance cost programme available in the market for Rolls-Royce engines because it includes the experience and technical excellence of the engine manufacturer, the repair and overhaul expertise of Rolls-Royce, and the dedicated support of an established worldwide customer support organization. It can reduce the risks and costs maintains, reduce capital investment for fewer spare parts and tools, it is benefit from a world-wide network of support focused on the needs of corporate company operators. The network is always for 24/7. Strong orders The company has recorded increase in its order book. Such as civil aerospace engine total order book increased at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21%, from  ¿Ã‚ ¡35.9 billion in FY2007 to  ¿Ã‚ ¡45.9 billion in FY2008. Strong order indicates significant demand for the companys products in the market. Rolls-Royce, the engine manufacturer, has won a $2 billion ( £1.2 billion) contract, with United Airlines placing its first new aircraft order in 12 years (The times, 2009). It also assures a stable flow of revenues in the medium term period. Support activities Technology Development For support activities technology development are directly concerned with new technology to reduce noise and new material improvements to reduce climate changes and increase costs efficiency. There are some relevant programmes in some university in order to improve the new technology development and high technology employees training and recruitment. Because of high technology that skills training will be given for their staff. Both GE and Rolls Royce have invested more in research and development. General Electric has announced it will spend six billion dollars between now and 2015 on innovative healthcare technology (BBC News, 2009). Human Resource Management Rolls-Royce has registered comparatively strong revenue per employee. During FY2008, the company recorded revenues of  ¿Ã‚ ¡9,082 million with a total of 39,000 employees. The revenue per employee of the company stood at $432 (Rolls Royce Preliminary Result, 2009), which is higher than that of its close competitors GE. The revenue per employee of GE stood at $331 (GE Annual report, 2009) significantly lowers than that of Rolls-Royce. Relatively strong revenue per employee of the company, as compared to its competitors, indicates stronger productivity. Firm infrastructure The main competitor General Electric (GE) report shows that energy Infrastructure segment revenues decreased 4%, or $1.4 billion, in 2009 as higher prices ($1.3 billion) were more than offset by lower volume ($1.6 billion), the stronger U.S. dollar ($0.7 billion) and lower other income ($0.5 billion), primarily related to lower earnings from associated companies and marks on foreign currency contracts. GE Capital losses seem to have peaked although commercial real estate continues to be challenging said by BBC News (2010). Because of revenue mix and higher RD, Rolls Royce has lower profits (BBC News, 2009). There has challenging for Rolls Royce in RD department underlying economic downturn. Main Strengths and Weaknesses The main weakness for Rolls Royce was lack of inventory. Rolls-Royce has been receiving higher orders in the past few years. Strong order indicates significant demand for the companys products in the market. At the mean time, it puts higher pressure on the companys that controlled inventory. The companys inventory has increased at 19% at compound annual growth rate (CAGR)  ¿Ã‚ ¡1,845 million in FY2006 to  ¿Ã‚ ¡2,750 million in FY2009. The inventory turnover ratio declined from 4.5 to 3.6 from FY2006 to FY 2009. The lower ratio states poor sales and excessive inventory conditions. It describes the company are under the pricing risks from their competitors. It has quality service Engineering and Product Support for after sales, the aim of providing the customer with the right training, includes current service operations, maintenance practices and trouble-shooting procedures. The company has a widely geographic. Rolls-Royce primarily operates across regions, such as Americas, Asia, Australia, Europe, Middle East and Africa. The diversified and fairly spread revenue ensures that the company does not rely on any one market for a majority of its revenues, at the mean time, it reducing its business risk in the highly variable industry. Investments in research and development are major to take advantage of the expertise on their in-house know, and the constant searching to effects on the capabilities of business partners, also influence on research funds and leverage the applied of needs in each global markets. RD department and plays core competency role lead to the company. The company has high relative for employee productivity. It also assures a stable flow of revenues in the medium/long term period. Quality services provide Rolls Royce has distinctive capability to competitive with competitors. (SWOT analysis summary in appendix C) Evaluate of Rolls Royce possible future strategies There are two future strategies using in the future, one is acquisition of an aircraft manufactory and the other is acquisition of a competitor. Ansoffs matrix (Richardson and Evans, 2007), and Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability (SFA) (Johnson and Scholes, 2002) analysis will underling in this section. 4.1 Acquisition of an aircraft manufactory Rolls Royce was one of the aircraft suppliers (BBC News, 2007). It describes a related diversification in vertical forward integration strategy with Rolls Royce. It is more suitable for Rolls Royce current position. The company core business is engine service; it will help extending core along the supply chain to improve information based and strengthen competitive position. Due to explore new competence that the company investment in new arena. Because of aircraft suppliers, the company has more necessary resources to supported, such as technology and finance. Aircraft industry more likely to engine industry, which has lower competitive rivalry in aircraft manufactory because of high cost and high technology, it also has high profits for Rolls Royce entry into this area. There is the different area, management styles are different, and it is more risks to facing for the company. Under economic recession in 2008 that aircraft industry market shares are decreased, hence, the writer thinks this acquisition is not as the right time and right cost. 4.2 Acquisition of a competitor Rolls Royce was the famous engine company; acquisition of their competitors strategy the major is market development and market penetration. This strategy is suitable for company current conditions. Through the economic downturn, the shares are decreasing and market declining, in order to maintain market shares, acquisition of competitors is the right time and right costs strategy, which can build on strengths through the innovation and continued investment. It is medium to lower risk by exploiting current strategies. The company tries to range widely market from the same country (market development) or go abroad (market penetration). It will help them to extending their current supply chain lines and improving their market shares without increasing competitive rivalry. Rolls Royce share price is starting to reflect the very long-term visibility of future profits. But the valuation hardly looks over-generous for one of the worlds great manufacturing businesses. Unlike Cadbury, Rolls Royce are lucky, the Government has a golden share in the company (Wighton, 2010). The secret is a long-term strategy that has at last come good Sir Rose, whos Rolls Royce years long-serving chief executive, he states the benefits of expanding after-sales service rather than relying solely on sales of new engines (OConnell, 2009). Although the company faces to change or adoption the culture problems at acquisition, there are more benefits and lower risks than acquisition of aircraft manufactory; the writer is recommendation of company acquisition for competitors. 4.3 Alternative strategy Rolls Royce could be use strategic alliance to compete with their rivalry. The alliance is significance to continue company parent firms of current and anticipated core businesses, markets, and technologies (Parkhe, 1993). They may share the resources of products, distribution channels, manufacturing or inventory capability, new product funding etc. through the alliance, the alliance aimed to get the benefits that will be better than individual efforts. 5. Evaluation of the Challenges Faced by Rolls Royce as it Implements Strategic Change In this section, Balogun Hope Hailey (1999) (cited at Johnson and Scholes, 2002) and leadership theory (Handy 1993) will be use to analysis the evaluation of the challenges faced by Rolls Royce acquisition of a competitor. Changing strategy Followed by Rolls Royce acquisition with their competitors, some of things need to evaluate and implement change. Rolls Royce acquisition with competitors is beneficial for the nature of change in an organization to be incremental. At this way, it will build for skills, routines and beliefs in the organization. Hence, the change is efficient and seems to a winner with their commitment (Johnson and Scholes, 2002). It not needs to fast to change it, because there has several existing rules or aspects of their original organization, and focus on earn the profits with organization. For engine industry, this not goes fast with new technology growth or finds new material to use. This will be aspect their experts has diversity of experiences, views and opinions with an organization, but supposing that organization has followed a strategy with Rolls Royce, and leading to a very homogeneous way of seeing the world. Rolls Royce needs to select the acquisition company system which are better or suitable for Rolls Royce, and improved it. The aim to company acquisition is that they want to produce their product in the world wide, and get more or new markets. At the mean time, supply chain database needs to improved, operational data technology needs to improve. The company also needs to improve their utilizing global support network applying by the industry development. Leadership Analysis Mr. Robertson is Independent Non-Executive Chairman of the Board of Rolls-Royce Group PLC in 2005. Robertson was appointed to the Board in 2004 (Rolls Royce website). His appointment comes at an important time for Rolls-Royce with the UK aero-engine maker having just been selected to provide Trent engines to the launch customer for the new Boeing 7E7 Dream liner. Based on his points, Rolls Royce has also won the lions share of orders to power the new Airbus A380 super-jumbo (Harrison and Michael 2004). It is show that he has very knowledgeable in this specific area; he can provide leadership in virtually in the situation. Robertson was a big Tory donor; the Conservatives would work with Rolls-Royce to develop strategies for a manufacturing revival, in a sign of his partys determination to find the corporate vote with business-friendly policies (Eaglesham, 2009). Rolls Royce has initiative new economic strategy based on the foundation stone of the government policies. This is defined by Robertson (2009) What does this mean? It is includes research and innovation; education and skills. This strategy is benefits for Rolls Royce future development; it is supported by government to improve transport, research and innovation, and education and skills (Eaglesham, 2009). It is illustrates the leader has the general style of leadership that is appropriate to the organisation and the context. 6. Conclusion Rolls Royce has a good company performance, although there has some risks facing in the company under the economic recession. Rolls Royce has also expanded its energy and marine businesses in recent years, it also expects a pickup in sales as new aircraft such as Airbuss A380 and Boeings 787 move into full production mode after years of hold-ups (Wilson, 2010). New product and worldwide range decision makes challenging and opportunity for the company. Strong leadership management leads to company to the right direction and make more profits. The author have strong recommend for investors to invest in Rolls Royce. 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