Not sure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Not sure - Assignment Example the same method, conceptual methodology of previous studies was also referenced as a means of providing the researcher a framework through which they could understand how prior research identified the very same terms and sought to draw inference upon them. The design of the study was concentric upon creating a sample of individuals that would be reflective of a standard number of the broader population. The data was collected in terms of interview questions and analyzed via the authors after these interviews were conducted. The main finding had to do with the fact that both men and women faked orgasm during all manner of sexual relations; however, women statistically faked it almost twice as much as men. The greatest limitation of the research is contingent upon the fact that an individual respondent was under a great many societal and gender expectations to answer in a given way; reducing the possible validity of the findings based upon these biases. Similarly, the greatest strength was with regards to the statistical size of the group that was measured; far exceeding what was needed, this providing the reader with a tacit understanding the a rigorous study was

Human Resource Managers in a Multinational Company Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Managers in a Multinational Company Essay 1. ‘To what extent are human resource managers in a multinational company restricted by cultural and institutional factors in implementing policies and practices across their subsidiaries? Discuss your answer giving examples.’ In the face of globalization, organisations struggle to develop the human resource management strategy (HRMS) between global integration and local differentiation. This is regarded as a critical concern for multinational enterprises (MNEs) since they suffer from cultural and institutional differences to integrate HRM practices and shape HRM activities to operate abroad. Regarding that, each cultural and institutional factors are developed over its history with unique insight into managing the organisation, the appropriate HRM practice would vary. The differentiation in national culture and institution call the different management practices that need to be concerned significantly especially for multinational companies’ managers. Researchers highlight the congruence between these factors and HR practice for higher organsational performance. When the HRM practice fits with the basic value shared by employees, the job satisfaction, employee motivation and commitment will be attained. This comes with the implication that cultural and institutional factors are pivotal in shaping the decisions and policies of managers of organisations. In this essay, it will explain what is the institutional and cultural factor with theoretical approach. After that it will suggest implications of institutional and cultural perspective for International Human Resource Management to answer how these factors influence in implementing management policies and practices. According to Hofstede (1991), Culture refers to the â€Å"shared sets of beliefs, values and norms† that is programmed into an actor’s mind. It is regarded as the psychological ‘software’ and sets of informal rule, while institution is more ‘hardware’ of modified and negotiated legal systems that actors follow. The institutionalism emphasises the legitimacy, which organsations struggle to acquiring and maintaining in relation to the environment. One of the new institutionalist theories, the ‘Variety of capitalism’, treats the corporation as a relationships network that locates organisation in its  stakeholders with employees and with competitors. The approach highlights the importance of institutional complementarities that argue the success of an organisation depending on the capability to coordinate effectively. The theory draws two types of political and economic structures across nations. One is the liberal market economic orientation (LME) and the other is the coordinated market economic orientation (CME). Companies in some North-Western European countries including Germany and Switzerland with CMEs tend to have highly structured arrangements in labour market that form strong trade union. Banks in these countries are highly coordinated with firms and have long-term capital. In contrast, there are loose hire and fire labour market regulations and dispersed international investors in the U.K and U.S.A where classified as LMEs. The source of finance in these countries is the stock market, with the clear difference. The figure1 demonstrates that corporations in these different types of systems do not operate in the same market. Figure 1. Institutions across sub-spheres of the political economy Source: Hall and Soskice, (2001) It shows the positions of OCED countries that describe institutional character in the financial and labour market. The higher development in a stock market implies higher dependency on market coordination with emphasis on financial criteria, whereas a higher degree of protection for employees is likely to rely more on non-market criteria. The flexible labour market in LMEs is suitable to easy access to stock market capital. Due to the competitive market conditions, firms in LME markets highly emphasise the financial performance rather than long-term strategies. Nervous investors such as those from the hedge fund tend to hesitate to investing in companies with long-term and uncertain employee training that ties capital in workers’ skills. Conversely, long-term employment arrangement and long-term capital remain in the essence of CMEs. The institutional considerations lead to different types of organisational behavior and investment patterns that shape different HRM policies and practices. Firms in LMEs emphasise short-term competition that likely treat  employees as disposable resources. Employees’ performances are appraised individually with a financial incentive system so managers are empowered to control HRM with considerable autonomy. Investments in employee training and development are classified as ‘overhead.’ `In contrast, HRM polices in CMEs regard employees as valuable assets for sustaining a competitive advantage thus tend to make a greater effort in investments in product innovation and employee development encouraging employment stability. In the system, the higher degrees of job security and work force commitment are derived, since its employment regulation and laws are protected from strong trade union and government. Moreover, different business systems across nations also significantly impact HRM issues. The issues including working hours, scheme of performance appraisal and job contract are highly influenced by local institutional arrangement. The MNCs in Japan prioritize work organisation, which contains quality oriented and flexible practice, and their HR practices are adopted to be suitable with this approach. Likewise, German MNCs, where short run financial ratio is not a greater concern, rely more on long term strategies that highly regulate the hours of work and worker participation. In this regard, the ability of MNCs to fit various institutional arrangements with the local environment is essential to have an advantage in global operations. The evidence from the survey conducted by Guest and Hoque (1996) show that MNCs in Germany do not implement their ‘best practices’ into subsidiaries in the U.K. such as long-term employment plans, union perception and employee training. Another crucial factor managers from MNCs should consider for effective HRM is culture. It is assumed as ‘the major source of differentiation’ in managerial behavior among different nations. One of the most widely cited approaches to culture, Hofstede’s study (1980), classifies four cultural dimensions based on the survey data from 116,000 IBM employees. The study suggests possible origin and consequence for managerial behavior in different dimension contexts. Power distance reflects the dependent relationship between superior and subordinate. Companies in high power distance subordinate have high dependence to superior with greater reverence through the hierarchical structure. Uncertainty avoidance measures different degrees of preparation for future risk and ambiguity. In risk adverse  organisations, rule making and bureaucracy are placed to deal with possibilities of risk and members prefer to behave what they are expected. Individualism versus collectivism dimension reveals the different level of desire to feeling that they belong with a group. At last, masculinity versus femininity dimension presents different values that masculine and feminine society prefer differently. Highly masculine societies have a higher tendency to be competitive since high earning and challenging careers are important values for employees. In societies with femininity tendencies, values related to satisfaction, security and cooperation are emphasised. The study highlights the importance of culture to coordinate different managerial behavior for international businesses. Another cross-cultural approach, Hall’s study (1976) classifies cultures into low and high context cultures, each with distinct demands and preferences. The culture characterizes the nature of human relationship, communication and authority. For example, the line of distinction between high and low context cultural communication has been particularly documented. According to Hall and Hall (1990), in high context communication, speakers tend to utilize relative indirect style of communication. On the other hand, in low context communication, speakers often employ more or less direct communication style. Clearly, these communication dimensions area is an overlap of the individualism-collectivism from Hofstede’s study. Collectivist societies often concern about minimizing the chances of hurting other parties. These groups emphasise the value conformity and traditions. It is for this reason that they prefer to use high context communication. The team members of collectivists often prefer communicating directly with their leaders. They are often concerned about avoiding responses that are negative, a move that is aimed at maintaining harmony. Any form of communication is aimed at fostering interpersonal communication. The tendency is reversed in individualist societies where each member pays more attention to personal goals and interests. The different communication styles and human relationships naturally relate to the different preferences of organisational structure that shape the HRM practices and policies. The culture influences multiple aspects of HRM, thus it is likely to be  effective when HR practice and policy fit with the culture. In regard to recruitment, collectivistic cultures prefer network based recruitment method like employee referrals. The method is supposed to enhance employee commitment and loyalty that strengthens the social network. Since collectivism highlights cooperation rather than individual achievement, it more considers candidates’ ascribed statuses more than personal skills and knowledge. Conversely, employers in an individualistic organisation select candidates based on necessary abilities through highly structured methods such as bureaucratic interviews. Similarly, the organisation with high uncertainty avoidance index prefers open recruitment with the use of more structured selection method as it is highly correlated with formalisation. In terms of performance appraisal, individualised appraisal and rewards are highly correlated with individualism and lower degree of uncertainty avoidance. Regarding that various reward practices based on individual performance would result in uncertainty it is less likely to emerge in risk adverse society. The incentive scheme may also not be needed in high power distance cultures since subordinates are more likely to be motivated by superiors’ direction. The merit-based selection and promotion, which consider individual performance and contribution to the organisation is related to individualism and low level of power distance. It is opposed to the value from collectivism and femininity that emphasise group harmony and cooperation. In conclusion, institution and culture significantly influence in managerial behavior. It is needed to take institutional and cultural factors into consideration in shaping and adopting management policies and practices. Cultural and institutional factors are so varied that they integrate all the factors oriented towards social and ethical responsibilities, which is a major focus for contemporary organisations. Cultural values demands that decision and policies that managers make reflect the interests of the society, including those of the institutions. Since the inappropriate management concept may trigger misunderstanding and conflict among subsidiaries it is vital for effective management. Clearly, Institutional and cultural researches contribute to analysing and understanding various manifestations of HR across a border. However, managers should take careful  consideration before implementing specific HR practices or policies to prevent overly deterministic connection from the theoretical context. In order to achieve successful performance, MNCs have to adjust and moderate management practice in accordance with the local environment. The differences in a business system, local environment and culture between home and host countries are the significant determinants for both evolutions. References: [1] Aycan, Z. (2005), ‘The interplay between cultural and institutional/structural contingencies in human resource management practices’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(7), pp. 1083-1119. [2] Earley, P.C. (1994), ‘Self or group? Cultural effects of training on self-efficacy and Performance’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(1), pp. 89-117. [3] Gomez-Mejia, L.Y Welbourne, T. (1991), ‘Compensation strategies in a global context’, Human Resource Planning, 14. pp. 29-42 [4] Guest. D. Hoque, K. (1996) National Ownership and HR Practices in UK Greenfield Sites, Human Resource Management Journal, 6(4), pp. 50-74. [5] Hall, E.T. (1976), Beyond culture, New York: Anchor Books [6] Hall, E.T. Hall, M.R. (1990) ‘Understanding Cultural Differences’, Yarmouth, MA: Intercultural Press. [7] Hall, P.A. Soskice, D. (2001) ‘An introduction to varieties of capitalism’ in Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford: Oxford University Press [8] Hofstede, G. (1980), Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values, California: Sage Publications [9] Hofstede, G. (1991), Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill [10] Tsui, A.S., Nifadkar, S.S. Ou, A.Y. (2007) ‘Cross-national, cross-cultural organizational behaviour research: Advances, gaps and recommendations’, Journal of Management, 33 (3), pp. 426–478. [ 1 ]. Earley, P.C. (1994), ‘Self or group? Cultural effects of training on self-efficacy and Performance’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(1), 89-117 [ 2 ]. Hall, P.A. Soskice, D. (2001) ‘An introduction to varieties of capitalism’ in Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Page 1. [ 3 ]. Hall, P.A. Soskice, D. (2001) ‘An introduction to varieties of capitalism’ in Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Page 4. [ 4 ]. Tsui, A.S., Nifadkar, S.S. Ou, A.Y. (2007) ‘Cross-national, cross-cultural organizational behavior research: Advances, gaps and recommendations’, Journal of Management, 33 (3), pp. 426–478. [ 5 ]. Aycan, Z. (2005), ‘The interplay between cultural and institutional/structural contingencies in human resource management practices’, International J ournal of Human Resource Management, 16(7), pp. 1083-1119. [ 6 ]. Gomez-Mejia, L.Y Welbourne, T. (1991), ‘Compensation strategies in a global context’, Human Resource Planning, 14. pp. 29-42

Acquisition Of An Aircraft Manufactory Management Essay

Acquisition Of An Aircraft Manufactory Management Essay In this section, Balogun Hope Hailey (1999) (cited at Johnson and Scholes, 2002) and leadership theory (Handy 1993) will be use to analysis the evaluation of the challenges faced by Rolls Royce acquisition of a competitor. 9 Leadership Analysis 10 Appendix D-Value Chain 19 Introduction Rolls-Royce was established by a small group of employees for engine in 1981; today the brand means more than engineering excellence (Roll Royce website). Simon Robertson was Chairman from 2004 to now (Rolls-Royce Annual Report 2009). By the mid 1980s, a headquarters was set up in London. The company has four different ancestral companies and products in Bristol, Coventry and  Derby. There are several allied group at Hucknall, Leavesden and in Scotland at East Kilbride and Hillington (Roll Royce website). Roll-Royce has four key markets includes civil aerospace, defense aerospace, marine, energy and nuclear more recently. Rolls Royces main rival is GE Engines. Rolls Royce was better position than its competitors as most of its engines are relatively new. Analysts predict that airlines are likely to ground older planes, leaving Rolls Royce with the lucrative spares and maintenance market. (Walker, 2010) Rolls-Royce revenue are increased  ¿Ã‚ ¡916 million from 2008 to 2009. The revenues are grown from three main market, including marine market increasing 17% arrived at  ¿Ã‚ ¡2589 million, defense aerospace add 19% arrived at  ¿Ã‚ ¡2010 million and the most raise at 36% in energy businesses had a strong performance in 2009, which from  ¿Ã‚ ¡755 million to  ¿Ã‚ ¡1028 million with revenues up by 36 per cent to over 1 billion. The revenue from civil aerospace business was decreased 21 million from 2008 to 2009. Because of the group maintains that a number of currency cash balances throughout of the whole year. The significant foreign exchange rates in 2009, and cash balances were reduced  ¿Ã‚ ¡141 million by retranslation at end of the year and hence total cash flow was dropped at  ¿Ã‚ ¡(183) million(Rolls-Royce Annual Report 2009). Analysis of the Current Business Environment Affecting the industry Macro-environment The PESTLE analysis (Appendix A) will forces on civil aerospace engine sector. Under the economic recession that is directly influence on the civil aerospace engine sales and redundant some staffs. But for the future view, the governments supported from RD. Aerospace industry trend is expected to receive large orders for civil aircraft mainly from the emerging Asian countries, such as China, India etc. Much of the regulations are followed by International Civil Aviation Organization. The aerospace industries put the money on new materials finding and using, in order to reduce the climate changes, and innovated to reduce the noise. In future trends, aerospace industry needs to tackle the problems of climate changes and engine noise. Joint venture is the normal way in order to developing industries; hence the revenant laws will be followed. Micro-environment Porters Five Forces analysis (Appendix B) described that the threat of entry in civil aerospace engine is lower, because the industry needs high technology machine and high skills of employees to using and it is quite expensive for entry the industry. Threat of substitution in aerospace engine industry also lower, because finding new materials or new technology to replace is difficult or quite expensive. Aerospace engine industry has several suppliers; they have the choice to find out the best suppliers, such as there has several material suppliers in existing market, the engine industry have higher power to choice the quality and negated with the price. It can be influence on the industry compatibility but not strongly. Hence, there is Low to Medium power of suppliers. The power of buyers is quite strong, which from medium to High power of buyers. It is influence on the industry, for example prices, technology training, and the repair and overhauls expertise of whole industry supply chain system and dedicated support of established worldwide customers. The industries have the large commercial buyers and have huge influences on industry revenues. It is medium to high for the competitive rivalry in aerospace engine industry; there has several existing competitors, such as Hampson Industries; Honeywell International; Safran; and GE etc. Although it is difficult to entry and substituted in this industry, some of these competitors have stronger engineering, manufacturing and marketing capabilities than Rolls-Royce (Datamonitor, 2009). Main opportunities and threats For Aerospace industry, the current threats are financial crisis and the barrier entry. The industry requires high technology and finds new material in order to reduce the noise and climate changes. We expect to grow the market share by exploring new geographic location in 2010 and by increasing the product portfolios (Metal central news 2009) It is difficult and more expensive for the innovation of new technology and finds new material for using within the aerospace industry. More recently, aerospace industry is increasing slowly in Europe countries. But there are still has the opportunity in Asian market, such as China and India etc (ICAO annual report, 2008). The industries are suggested the government to reduce the barrier entry into the market, due to increasing technology and find out the new materials (BBC News, 2009). Technology has the opportunity for industry developing in the future. Current technology was complained by several organizations, such as Greenpeace etc, it has published the second edition of the Energy Revolution scenario, which shows a global plan for a sustainable renewable economic future. It shows where the industries need to be to avoid a climate change disaster (Greenpeace, 2009). Under the pressure of those organizations that effects on the developing new technologies, due to reduce noise and climate changes. It still has the threats in entry barriers; lower barrier can help industry to find other materials or technology innovation, but not sure is the best way. Analysis of Rolls Royce Strategic Capabilities Roll Royce strategic capabilities analysis will be followed by Gerry et al (2009), which states the way of diagnosing organizational capabilities includes analyzing value chain to understanding the value to their customers; and resources to the relative performance of organizations. At the end of this section the summary of strengths and weaknesses will be given. 3.1 Value Chain Analysis (Appendix D) Primary activities The company is a leading supplier of civil, defense, marine, and energy. From the value chain primary activities shows that Rolls Royce has inventory control system, equipment maintenance, for finished engine products will to their inventory, and then distributed to their customers. Customer support, repair service, and training will be given for customers. Qualities service Corporate Care is engine maintenance cost programme available in the market for Rolls-Royce engines because it includes the experience and technical excellence of the engine manufacturer, the repair and overhaul expertise of Rolls-Royce, and the dedicated support of an established worldwide customer support organization. It can reduce the risks and costs maintains, reduce capital investment for fewer spare parts and tools, it is benefit from a world-wide network of support focused on the needs of corporate company operators. The network is always for 24/7. Strong orders The company has recorded increase in its order book. Such as civil aerospace engine total order book increased at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21%, from  ¿Ã‚ ¡35.9 billion in FY2007 to  ¿Ã‚ ¡45.9 billion in FY2008. Strong order indicates significant demand for the companys products in the market. Rolls-Royce, the engine manufacturer, has won a $2 billion ( £1.2 billion) contract, with United Airlines placing its first new aircraft order in 12 years (The times, 2009). It also assures a stable flow of revenues in the medium term period. Support activities Technology Development For support activities technology development are directly concerned with new technology to reduce noise and new material improvements to reduce climate changes and increase costs efficiency. There are some relevant programmes in some university in order to improve the new technology development and high technology employees training and recruitment. Because of high technology that skills training will be given for their staff. Both GE and Rolls Royce have invested more in research and development. General Electric has announced it will spend six billion dollars between now and 2015 on innovative healthcare technology (BBC News, 2009). Human Resource Management Rolls-Royce has registered comparatively strong revenue per employee. During FY2008, the company recorded revenues of  ¿Ã‚ ¡9,082 million with a total of 39,000 employees. The revenue per employee of the company stood at $432 (Rolls Royce Preliminary Result, 2009), which is higher than that of its close competitors GE. The revenue per employee of GE stood at $331 (GE Annual report, 2009) significantly lowers than that of Rolls-Royce. Relatively strong revenue per employee of the company, as compared to its competitors, indicates stronger productivity. Firm infrastructure The main competitor General Electric (GE) report shows that energy Infrastructure segment revenues decreased 4%, or $1.4 billion, in 2009 as higher prices ($1.3 billion) were more than offset by lower volume ($1.6 billion), the stronger U.S. dollar ($0.7 billion) and lower other income ($0.5 billion), primarily related to lower earnings from associated companies and marks on foreign currency contracts. GE Capital losses seem to have peaked although commercial real estate continues to be challenging said by BBC News (2010). Because of revenue mix and higher RD, Rolls Royce has lower profits (BBC News, 2009). There has challenging for Rolls Royce in RD department underlying economic downturn. Main Strengths and Weaknesses The main weakness for Rolls Royce was lack of inventory. Rolls-Royce has been receiving higher orders in the past few years. Strong order indicates significant demand for the companys products in the market. At the mean time, it puts higher pressure on the companys that controlled inventory. The companys inventory has increased at 19% at compound annual growth rate (CAGR)  ¿Ã‚ ¡1,845 million in FY2006 to  ¿Ã‚ ¡2,750 million in FY2009. The inventory turnover ratio declined from 4.5 to 3.6 from FY2006 to FY 2009. The lower ratio states poor sales and excessive inventory conditions. It describes the company are under the pricing risks from their competitors. It has quality service Engineering and Product Support for after sales, the aim of providing the customer with the right training, includes current service operations, maintenance practices and trouble-shooting procedures. The company has a widely geographic. Rolls-Royce primarily operates across regions, such as Americas, Asia, Australia, Europe, Middle East and Africa. The diversified and fairly spread revenue ensures that the company does not rely on any one market for a majority of its revenues, at the mean time, it reducing its business risk in the highly variable industry. Investments in research and development are major to take advantage of the expertise on their in-house know, and the constant searching to effects on the capabilities of business partners, also influence on research funds and leverage the applied of needs in each global markets. RD department and plays core competency role lead to the company. The company has high relative for employee productivity. It also assures a stable flow of revenues in the medium/long term period. Quality services provide Rolls Royce has distinctive capability to competitive with competitors. (SWOT analysis summary in appendix C) Evaluate of Rolls Royce possible future strategies There are two future strategies using in the future, one is acquisition of an aircraft manufactory and the other is acquisition of a competitor. Ansoffs matrix (Richardson and Evans, 2007), and Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability (SFA) (Johnson and Scholes, 2002) analysis will underling in this section. 4.1 Acquisition of an aircraft manufactory Rolls Royce was one of the aircraft suppliers (BBC News, 2007). It describes a related diversification in vertical forward integration strategy with Rolls Royce. It is more suitable for Rolls Royce current position. The company core business is engine service; it will help extending core along the supply chain to improve information based and strengthen competitive position. Due to explore new competence that the company investment in new arena. Because of aircraft suppliers, the company has more necessary resources to supported, such as technology and finance. Aircraft industry more likely to engine industry, which has lower competitive rivalry in aircraft manufactory because of high cost and high technology, it also has high profits for Rolls Royce entry into this area. There is the different area, management styles are different, and it is more risks to facing for the company. Under economic recession in 2008 that aircraft industry market shares are decreased, hence, the writer thinks this acquisition is not as the right time and right cost. 4.2 Acquisition of a competitor Rolls Royce was the famous engine company; acquisition of their competitors strategy the major is market development and market penetration. This strategy is suitable for company current conditions. Through the economic downturn, the shares are decreasing and market declining, in order to maintain market shares, acquisition of competitors is the right time and right costs strategy, which can build on strengths through the innovation and continued investment. It is medium to lower risk by exploiting current strategies. The company tries to range widely market from the same country (market development) or go abroad (market penetration). It will help them to extending their current supply chain lines and improving their market shares without increasing competitive rivalry. Rolls Royce share price is starting to reflect the very long-term visibility of future profits. But the valuation hardly looks over-generous for one of the worlds great manufacturing businesses. Unlike Cadbury, Rolls Royce are lucky, the Government has a golden share in the company (Wighton, 2010). The secret is a long-term strategy that has at last come good Sir Rose, whos Rolls Royce years long-serving chief executive, he states the benefits of expanding after-sales service rather than relying solely on sales of new engines (OConnell, 2009). Although the company faces to change or adoption the culture problems at acquisition, there are more benefits and lower risks than acquisition of aircraft manufactory; the writer is recommendation of company acquisition for competitors. 4.3 Alternative strategy Rolls Royce could be use strategic alliance to compete with their rivalry. The alliance is significance to continue company parent firms of current and anticipated core businesses, markets, and technologies (Parkhe, 1993). They may share the resources of products, distribution channels, manufacturing or inventory capability, new product funding etc. through the alliance, the alliance aimed to get the benefits that will be better than individual efforts. 5. Evaluation of the Challenges Faced by Rolls Royce as it Implements Strategic Change In this section, Balogun Hope Hailey (1999) (cited at Johnson and Scholes, 2002) and leadership theory (Handy 1993) will be use to analysis the evaluation of the challenges faced by Rolls Royce acquisition of a competitor. Changing strategy Followed by Rolls Royce acquisition with their competitors, some of things need to evaluate and implement change. Rolls Royce acquisition with competitors is beneficial for the nature of change in an organization to be incremental. At this way, it will build for skills, routines and beliefs in the organization. Hence, the change is efficient and seems to a winner with their commitment (Johnson and Scholes, 2002). It not needs to fast to change it, because there has several existing rules or aspects of their original organization, and focus on earn the profits with organization. For engine industry, this not goes fast with new technology growth or finds new material to use. This will be aspect their experts has diversity of experiences, views and opinions with an organization, but supposing that organization has followed a strategy with Rolls Royce, and leading to a very homogeneous way of seeing the world. Rolls Royce needs to select the acquisition company system which are better or suitable for Rolls Royce, and improved it. The aim to company acquisition is that they want to produce their product in the world wide, and get more or new markets. At the mean time, supply chain database needs to improved, operational data technology needs to improve. The company also needs to improve their utilizing global support network applying by the industry development. Leadership Analysis Mr. Robertson is Independent Non-Executive Chairman of the Board of Rolls-Royce Group PLC in 2005. Robertson was appointed to the Board in 2004 (Rolls Royce website). His appointment comes at an important time for Rolls-Royce with the UK aero-engine maker having just been selected to provide Trent engines to the launch customer for the new Boeing 7E7 Dream liner. Based on his points, Rolls Royce has also won the lions share of orders to power the new Airbus A380 super-jumbo (Harrison and Michael 2004). It is show that he has very knowledgeable in this specific area; he can provide leadership in virtually in the situation. Robertson was a big Tory donor; the Conservatives would work with Rolls-Royce to develop strategies for a manufacturing revival, in a sign of his partys determination to find the corporate vote with business-friendly policies (Eaglesham, 2009). Rolls Royce has initiative new economic strategy based on the foundation stone of the government policies. This is defined by Robertson (2009) What does this mean? It is includes research and innovation; education and skills. This strategy is benefits for Rolls Royce future development; it is supported by government to improve transport, research and innovation, and education and skills (Eaglesham, 2009). It is illustrates the leader has the general style of leadership that is appropriate to the organisation and the context. 6. Conclusion Rolls Royce has a good company performance, although there has some risks facing in the company under the economic recession. Rolls Royce has also expanded its energy and marine businesses in recent years, it also expects a pickup in sales as new aircraft such as Airbuss A380 and Boeings 787 move into full production mode after years of hold-ups (Wilson, 2010). New product and worldwide range decision makes challenging and opportunity for the company. Strong leadership management leads to company to the right direction and make more profits. The author have strong recommend for investors to invest in Rolls Royce. 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Available on: =http://www.ebscohost.com/ BBC News (2010) General Electric first quarter earnings fall 18%, Available on: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8625793.stm (Accessed: 23 April 2010) BBC News (2007) Rolls Royce wins BA engine deal, Available on: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6518419.stm Boeing website, Available on: http://www.boeing.com/commercial/787family/background.html Datamonitor (2009) Rolls Royce Group plc, Emeral [Online]. Available on: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp Eagelesham, J (2009) Cameron seeks manufacturing revival, FT [Online]. Available on: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4429b008-1bd0-11dd-9e58-0000779fd2ac.html European Commission Enterprise and Industry (2009) Regulatory Environment, Available on: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/aerospace/regulatory-environment/index_en.htm European Commission Enterprise and Industry (2009) Research, Available on: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/aerospace/research/index_en.htm GE annual report (2009), Available on: http://www.ge.com/ar2009/pdf/ge_ar_2009.pdf Greenpeace (2008) Energy Revolution Report, Available on: http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/energyrevolutionreport.pdf Gurau, C (2007) Porters generic strategies: a re-interpretation from a relationship marketing perspective, The Marketing Review, Vol: 7(4), pp. 369-383(15), Swetswise [Online], Available on: www.swetswise.com Harrison, M (2004) Rolls-Royce chooses Simon Robertson as its new chairman, The Independent, Available on: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/rollsroyce-chooses-simon-robertson-as-its-new-chairman-532237.html Handy, C (1993) Understanding Organisations, Penguin Books ICAO annual report (2008), Available on http://www.icao.int/icaonet/dcs/9916/9916_en.pdf Mondag Business Briefing (2009) Defense spending and aircraft grows, Available on: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Throttling+Back:+Midyear+Outlook+For+The+Global+Aerospace+And+Defence-a0204500118 Naval technology (2008) Rolls-Royce sets a First in Defence E-Commerce, available on: http://www.naval-technology.com/contractors/propulsion/rolls/press2.html OConnell, D (2009) Rolls-Royce flies high despite airlines nosedive, The Sunday times [Online], Available on: http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/engineering/article6736024.ece Parkhe, A (1993) Strategic alliance structuring: A game theoretic and transaction cost examination of interfirm corporation, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 36, NO. 4, PP.794-829 Parliament UK (2005) The UK aerospace industrys current performance Available on http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmtrdind/151/15106.htm Parliament UK (2005) Conclusions and recommendations, Available on: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmtrdind/151/15109.htm Parliament UK (2009) Aerospace: Research and Development Question Asked by Lord Jones, Available on: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldhansrd/text/100113w0001.htm Pfeifer, S (2008) Rolls-Royce and BAE in recruitment push, FT [Online]. Available on: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0601ba74-f389-11dc-b6bc-0000779fd2ac.html Rolls Royce annual report (2009), Available on: http://www.rolls-royce.com/reports/2009/index.shtml Richardson, M., and Evans, C. (2007) Strategy in Action Applying Ansoffs Matrix, Manager: British Journal of Administrative Management, Vol: 59, I (3), Ebsco [Online]. Available on: http://www.ebscohost.com Rncos E-Services Pvt. Ltd (2009) Global Press Release Distribution Civil Aerospace to Dominate the US Market, Available on: http://www.usgovernment-news.com/?prID=28195 SBAC Aviation and Environment Briefing Papers (2009), Available on: http://www.aerospace-technology.com/downloads/whitepapers/design/file1173/ Staff of Metal Center News (2010) Distributors Delighted 2009 is in the Past, Metal Center News, Ebsco [Online]. Available on: http://www.ebscohost.com Strategic Direction (2008) Create communities of practices to improve organizational performance: The technology-intensive case of Rolls-Royce, Strategic Direction, Vol 24 (1) pp. 18-20, Emerald [Online]. Available on: http://www.emeraldinsight.com The times (2009) Airbus order brings $2bn in sales for Rolls-Royce, Times [Online]. Available on: http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/markets/united_states/article6949382.ece Walker, B (2009) Rolls-Royce job losses, BBC News [Online]. Available on: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/archive/features/rollsroyce.shtml Wighton, D., (2010) Rolls keeps rolling along, Times [Online]. Available on: http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/columnists/article7024303.ece Wilson, A (2010) Rolls-Royce sees profit flat in 2010, Telegraph [Online]. Available on: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/7646705/Rolls-Royce-sees-profit-flat-in-2010.html

the social impact of birth control in germany :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Positive impacts of access to sexuality education, public information, and medical services are available to young people in Germany. In Germany, adolescent sexuality is regarded as a health issue, not a political or religious one. An overwhelmingly majority of the people and institutions in this country support sexual health. Teens are educated about safer sex and have access to both birth control pills and condoms if they have sexual intercourse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  German adolescents are valued, respected, and expected to act responsibly. The adults trust adolescents to make responsible choices because they see young people as assets, and not problems. Teen abortion rates are much lower in Germany than in the United States. For Germany, the abortion rate is 8.7 for women ages 15 to 49 (Kelly, MeGee 1998/1999). The reality of this is that teens in Germany have intercourse without as many negative consequences as teens in the United States. These teens get flooded with positive messages aimed at helping them to avoid unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease. The messages sent to German teens are not designed to ask them to refrain from sex until marriage, but educates them on the safety precautions involved with the act itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movement to provide access to contraception, condoms, and comprehensive sexuality education is based on the desire to further reduce abortions and sexually transmitted diseases. In Germany, there is a national sexuality education policy, but individual states determine which curricula to use. They also have massive public education campaigns targeting safer sex behaviors and condom use.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Media are engaged in helping young people make healthy sexual choices and not simply titillating audiences with sexual content for the sake of advertisers’ money. These countries also appear to have little concern that sexually explicit media messages will encourage young people to have intercourse. The mass media sexuality education campaigns are supported and encouraged by a broad array of people with an equally broad array of beliefs and values, ranging from AIDS educators and parents to religious leaders and policy makers. We in the United States can learn from this non-adversarial relationship between religious communities and advocates for sexuality education, and as a result, should encourage all groups to make strides toward a place where young people and families are supported to be sexually healthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Religion and politics have little influence on policies related to adolescent sexuality in the European countries (Kelly & MeGee 1998/1999).

History of American football Essay

Even though football is an American game its origins came from villages and schools in Europe for many centuries before America was even settled by Europeans. They played in the streets and oddly used a lemon as their ball. Soon many universities started creating their own teams and competing against each other. It took awhile, however, because it was a very rough and violent game so many colleges banned the game. Walter Camp is considered to be the â€Å"Father of American football†. He is widely considered to be the most important figure in the development of the game. When he was young, he excelled in sports like track, baseball, and soccer, and after enrolling at Yale in 1876, he earned varsity honors in every sport the school offered. Camp joined the Massasoit House conventions where rules were debated and changed. He proposed his first rule change at the first meeting he attended in 1878. His idea was for there to be a reduction from fifteen players to eleven. The motion was rejected at that time but later passed in 1880. The effect was to open up the game and emphasize speed over strength. Camp’s most famous change, the establishment of the line of scrimmage and the snap from center to quarterback, was also passed in 1880. Originally, the snap was executed with the foot of the center. Later changes made it possible to snap the ball with the hands, either through the air or by a direct hand-to-hand pass. Camp’s new scrimmage rules revolutionized the game, though not always as intended. Princeton, in particular, used scrimmage play to slow the game, making very slow progress towards the end zone during each down. Rather than increase scoring, which had been Camp’s original intent, the rule was exploited to maintain control of the ball for the entire game, resulting in slow, unexciting contests. At the 1882 rules meeting, Camp proposed that a team be required to advance the ball a minimum of five yards within three downs. These down-and-distance rules, combined with the establishment of the line of scrimmage, transformed the game from a variation of rugby or soccer into the distinct sport of American football Camp was central to several more significant rule changes that make the American football we know today. In 1881, the field was reduced in size to its modern dimensions of 120 by 53? yards. Several times in 1883, Camp changed the scoring rules, finally arriving at four points for a touchdown, two points for kicks after touchdowns, two points for safeties, and five for field goals. In 1887, game time was set at two halves of 45 minutes each. Also in 1887, two paid officials, a referee and an umpire, were required for each game. A year later, the rules were changed to allow tackling below the waist, and in 1889, the officials were given whistles and stopwatches.

The Destruction of the Earths Rain Forests essays

The Destruction of the Earths Rain Forests essays In the time you can read this sentence, eight acres of tropical rain forest will have been bulldozed and burned out of existence (Bloyd 49). However, this destruction has been neglected and overlooked for years. Many people do not understand the long-term consequences of losing the earths rain forests. The rain forests have provided people with many natural resources and medicines. The benefits that rain forests provide to people will be destroyed if the depletion continues to be disregarded. No matter where a person lives, even if it is not near a rain forest, the complete destruction of rain forests will affect living conditions. For years rain forests have provided countries around the word with valuable resources, minerals, lumber, and energy. In Brazil alone the rain forests contains 45% of Brazils hydroelectric power. The minerals found in the rain forests of Brazil are estimated to value 1.6 trillion dollars, while the lumber that the rain forests can provide total 1.7 trillion dollars (In the Forest 1). Nutrients from decomposing organisms can be found throughout rain forests, including in soil and in trees. To continue destroying forests also destroys the important materials that they are providing to humans. The rain forests also provide important exports such as oil, nuts, and rubber. Brazilian nuts have become an important export and coffee has been South Americas main source of money. After Charles Goodyear learned how to use rubber to benefit humans the demand for it increased. The Amazon began to provide rubber for tires made around the world. Today the Amazon still provides the world with a large supply of rubber. Deforestation of rain forests decreases the amount of rubber South America supplies, and businesses will soon have to find a new supply of this resource. The plants found in the rain forests can be useful to everyone around the world. The Kayapo, a people of...

Free Research Paper

Free Research Paper Free Research Paper Free Research Paper What is my opinion about free research paper?   I do not like it.   I think that free research paper is good only when used as an example of the format.   Otherwise, it should not be copied and submitted as your own. Most universities have a style guide detailing formatting and presentation requirements for academic research paper writing (spacing, required sections, maximum length, etc.) which you will need to follow. Getting a copy of this early, and writing all your chapter drafts in the approved style, can save a lot of time later. If you ask your supervisor or other students, you may be able to obtain an electronic file formatted in the required paper style. If your university has no particular rules for research paper formatting and presentation, then your professional judgment and the rule of consistency should be employed. Read other English research papers in your library and journal articles in order to ascertain general standards apply in your discipline and structure of headings best helps the clarity of the text. Watch for good and bad examples of the use of bold and italic type, font sizes, and so on. Writing a research paper consult with your adviser as much as possible, it will help you avoid many mistakes. Research Paper Ideas Finally, you should read a hard copy of your research paper writing from start to finish, rechecking your paper structure, arguments and looking for grammatical problems. (Some people can edit academic research paper writing successfully on screen. However, most people are more accurate in editing a printed copy of the paper, and it is the printed copy that your examiners will read, so we recommend using a hard copy for final editing.) Your final draft should ideally be fully edited by someone else who is unconnected with the research, and who can read the paper from start to finish, concentrating on spelling, grammar, formatting, expression and presentation. This stage is important for all students in obtaining a final meticulous check, but particularly important if English is not your first language. This final 'editor' may be a friend or family member, or even a professional editor. It should be a native English-speaker if possible, and should certainly be someone who writes well and who is capable of careful attention to detail. If you need research paper help, you can freely ask us for assistance.   We are open 24/7 to help you with research paper writing at any time of day and night.   High quality research paper is a guarantee of good grade and your excellent academic record. Do not hesitate to contact us if you need more information about our research paper writing service.

Cultural and Diversity Management Interview

Cultural and Diversity Management Interview Introduction Cultural and diversity management is paramount to the success of modern organizations. The world comprises many regions and people who have varying linguistic abilities, religious affiliations, and races among other aspects. These factors give rise to diversity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural and Diversity Management Interview specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is vital to assess the importance of cultural and diversity management in the accomplishment of both individual and organizational goals. This paper provides insight into cultural and diversity management by analyzing two interviews conducted on individuals from different backgrounds. Methodology The interview applies various steps that provide the basis for collecting data on diversity and cultural variations amongst the individuals. The interview questions are open-ended to enable the interviewee expound the issues rather than providing direct answers. As a result, the interviewer obtained more information about their experiences in their cultural environments. The interviewer moderated the session seeking clarifications where the experience was unclear. Regional Diversity My first respondent was a Japanese citizen who reported having worked in the United States for the last nine years. Interviewer: What have you achieved from the embracement of diversity and multiculturalism in your organization? Interviewee: The world has become a pool of individuals who come from diverse cultural and racial origins. As a result, they have assorted mindsets on various spheres of living. Working with people from different cultural groupings brings promotes the accomplishment of common goals, motivation, and inter-ethnic acceptance. These variations have provided me with skills to distinguish between various tastes of life, opinions, perspectives, and unique experiences. Sharing life experiences has variously inspir ed me on the verge of giving up.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interviewer: As Japanese, how has been your work experience in the United States? Interviewee: I have acquired a plethora of experiences that such as life skills, acceptance of cultural diversity, endurance, and racial prejudice among others. The United States is a multi-cultured continent with the highest number of people who come from the other continents. I have learned to incorporate the ideas of other cultures in individual and workplace decision-making processes. Interviewer: What are the benefits that accrue from this cultural awareness and diversity? Interviewee: The benefits that accrue from the existence of diversity have significantly expanded my perspectives on various workplace dilemmas related to management. Diversity has improved my creativity and innovation capabilities. In an attempt to maintain diversity, individuals use their uniqueness as an identification tool. Diversity and cultural inclusion in the work environment have variously helped me to formulate informed decisions. I have ventured into numerous innovations and discoveries. Earlier this year, the science club in our school was involved in a project to campaign for a particular change in our college. As an active member, I was chosen to spearhead the scientific innovation. The embracement of multiculturalism in institutions also promotes the control and maintenance of morals and appropriate behavior among people. People strive to maintain their culture through moral uprightness and adherence to its provisions. Analysis Variations that exist among different people underpin the understanding and appreciation of diversity. The acknowledgment of the behaviors, attitudes, perceptions, and values of other people greatly influences one’s behavior. For instance, learning the culture of other people hel ps individuals to understand and respect them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural and Diversity Management Interview specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Diversity brings forth the appreciation of varied values that comprise the cultures of other people for the promotion of a peaceful coexistence. This state of events builds an understanding of the race, age, physical, religious, social, political, ethnic, and sexual differences that exist among diverse individuals. Discussion The embracement of diversity in different geographical, racial, and cultural areas helps an individual to develop an understanding of various organizational dilemmas that have significant effects the formulation of sound management decisions. Romanenko (2012) affirms that students from various parts of the world can perform better as compared to those from the same locality if diversity is embraced in the learning institutions. The perceptio ns of employees and their engagement in the organizational activities are paramount to the accomplishment of diversity initiatives. The interview reveals that organizations should consider the employee involvement as an integral part of their success strategies (Romanenko, 2012). Learning The interview provided insight into the appreciation of diversity and multiculturalism. It is clear that various benefits accrue from the implementation of diversity among institutions that comprise different cultural and racial orientations. The interview also reveals that the failure to embrace cultural and diversity integration in organizations can hinder the accomplishment of various business goals. However, organizational leaders should play a crucial role in ensuring that they appreciate diverse individuals by adopting management strategies that offer equal opportunities, especially in the workplace. In the light of the interview, a greater assimilation and absorption of cultures will bring a bout the integration of diverse talents in the organization. This situation promotes the accomplishment of the organizational goals (Andrevski, Richard, Shaw, Ferrier, 2014). Cultural Variations and Diversity The second interview involved a Black American, who worked in a public organization in the United States. Having been in the public domain for a couple of decades, the respondent explicates various experiences that she has gained from the existence of cultural variations and diversity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interviewer: How do you perceive the management of the world’s diversity populations in the public organization? Interviewee: The world has diverse populations that present unique cultures to the global sphere. The blending of different cultural practices in the public organization eases the interactions between people thereby enhancing peaceful coexistence. The appreciation of the various provisions of these cultures in the organization significantly helped in resolving various social mayhems hindered the achievement of targets. Interviewer: How can cultural diversity promote global integration? Interviewee: Cultural variations provide an opportunity for experiencing a different taste of life. The appreciation of cultural diversity provides a basis for developing a common ground for understanding the uniqueness of the world’s communities. This set of circumstances underpins the integration of global communities. Besides, it brings about cultural assimilation and absor ption, which provides a framework for the development of modern social institutions. Interviewer: For that reason, do you think the individual cultures are becoming less vital to us? Interviewee: With the rising cultural assimilation, people have adopted other cultures. The copying of practices has been associated with the lack of appreciation of individual cultures. Other individuals perceive that some cultures are superior as compared to theirs. Nevertheless, people should learn to appreciate and preserve their cultures to avoid losing their uniqueness. Analysis The cultural diversity and distinctness we experienced in the past may be on the verge of extinction because of assimilation. However, the diversity brings together the experiences and perceptions of different people from various parts of the world (Bartikowski Walsh, 2015). Diversity surpasses the moral imperatives that are held in most organizations. Indeed, Tierney (2007) affirms that it has become a global necessity t hat binds diverse civil societies. Discussion With cultural and diversity in the world, greater achievements are achieved. For instance, the people benefit from the shared experiences that arise from global integration (Tierney, 2007). People have diverse beliefs about the existence of different cultures across the world. The uniqueness associated with these variations helps individuals view situations with different perspectives. According to Andrevski et al. (2014), multiculturalism provides the best environment for individual, team, and organizational growth. For instance, cultural diversity promotes the applicability of different approaches to various issues since it underpins the development of robust problem-solving techniques (Kottak, 2011). Both leaders and employees should play a critical role in the promotion of diversity values. Andrevski et al. (2014) suggests that diversity values should be aligned with the organizational strategies. The interview shows that the benefit s reaped from diversity and cultural embracement are important for employee motivation. Learning There is a need to preserve cultural diversity in the modern world since it is paramount to the provision of a wide range of talents to organizations. With consultations brought about by this diversity, it is possible to make decisions on various organizational dilemmas that hinder development. Sharing and exchanging ideas also promotes innovation and creativity. The respondent feels that cultural assimilation is minimizing diversity values that exist amongst different cultures across the globe. Although this statement is true, diversity entails not only the cultural values of a particular community but also other aspects such as experience, skills, social values, and innovative abilities among others. Reference List Andrevski, G., Richard, O., Shaw, J., Ferrier, W. (2014). Racial Diversity and Firm Performance the Mediating Role of Competitive Intensity. Journal of Management, 40(3), 8 20-844. Bartikowski, B., Walsh, G. (2015). Attitude toward cultural diversity: A test of identity Related antecedents and purchasing consequences. Journal of Business Research, 68(3), 526-533. Kottak, C. (2011). Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating CulturalDiversity. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Romanenko, A. (2012). Cultural Diversity Management in Organizations: The Role of Psychological Variables in Diversity Initiatives. Retrieved from http://othes.univie.ac.at/15821/1/2011-08-17_0647059.pdf Tierney, S. (2007). Accommodating cultural diversity. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.

Gasoline crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gasoline crisis - Essay Example This is regardless of whether there is a true shortage, or if it’s just panic buying that takes hold. Don’t be surprised to see gasoline rationing being put in place as soon as this occurs, whether it is imposed by the retailers, or by the government. Don’t be surprised to see long lines at the pumps, a la 1972.† (The Coming Gasoline Crisis). This paper will deal with the gasoline crisis and it will compare the cost of production of Gasoline to Ethanol in order to suggest a solution to this problem. The conclusion will sum up the major points of the paper. There is no question that oil, or petroleum or gasoline, is a precious commodity that built a lucrative industry. The entire trade revolving around oil – from exploration through extraction and processing to retail – is definitely one of the biggest businesses if not the biggest. Oil, as we know it, is a rather young industry. It is, however, all-encompassing. Not only do we use it for transportation but we use it to basically run the whole economy. Our present industries are fueled by oil and it is this function that saw the huge leap in the age of Industrial Revolution and had the world careening towards technological breakthroughs at unprecedented rates. History can tell us that much. To understand how oil came to dominate so much of our lives, it may be best to look as far back to history’s memory of it. The Earth processed for us the fossil fuels that we convert to oil, the result of photosynthesis of perhaps 300 to 350 million years ago, when plant and animal material were buried deep in the Earth’s crust. The petroleum industry kicked off when tar, distilled from petroleum, was used to pave the streets of Baghdad in the 8th century. Then in the 9th century, naphtha was produced from the oil field of Baku, Azerbaijan and Muhammad ibn ZakarÄ «ya RÄ zi produced kerosene from distilled petroleum for use on lamps (Bilkadi,

New Venture Formation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New Venture Formation - Research Paper Example New venture development In order to easily interpret the process of new venture or business development, it is better to split the term ‘business development’ into two such as business and development. The term business constitutes certain significant elements like finance, managerial activities, competition, marketing, and prices. In addition, the basic idea behind the term business is that it largely relates to risk and entrepreneurship. At the same time, the term ‘development’ can be linked with some other aspects such as technological improvement, improved relations, cost reduction, and general welfare. According to conventional views, business development is considered as gradual development of business ideas and business operations; and although the techniques used to promote the business expansion may differ, all of them constitute traditional marketing (â€Å"New venture development†). The traditional marketing was mainly concerned with how to find, approach, and customer retention using the given lines of product. It is obvious that this traditional business development concept has limited scope as it covers only marketing views. Hence, the modern corporate entrepreneurship concept redefines the new business development in a broad manner. ... Recently, scholars have identified that new venture development process has a close relationship with technology and business networks. In other words, the major purpose of the business development process is to recognize opportunities in a fast changing technological world. Phases of new venture formation New venture formation or development includes a series of processes including idea generation and development, market research methodologies, financial forecasting and spread sheet formulation, and new venture funding. These processes/phases are briefly described below. 1. Idea generation and development As Mallett points out, idea generation is the most important phase of a new venture development process as this phase determines the direction of flow of the whole business performance (149). While forming a business idea, an entrepreneur must take different factors into account. He has to ensure that his business idea well suits with persisting market trends and possesses adequate financial sources to successfully launch the product into the market. It must be also emphasized that the business idea should be novel enough to survive the market competition. Idea generation is a very challenging task but putting it into practice can be much harder. Once an idea strikes a person (entrepreneur), he has to chart all the details of what he wants to achieve and how he is going to proceed with it. The entrepreneur must be very careful at this stage since spending too much time in the idea generation phase would stunt the entrepreneur’s creativity. The entrepreneur may seek assistance from managerial experts to make necessary

The Sixth Sense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Sixth Sense - Essay Example The building sound effects greatly added to the anticipation and excitement on impending spine-tingling eventualities. Actors make up was done satisfactorily and not in exaggeration especially on the ghostly characters. Dramatic extreme close-ups on the actors presented audience the convincingly genuine emotions of the characters. Costume Designer Joanna Johnston displayed an excellent job in adding to the establishment of the principal twist of the story. It may seem inconsequential at the outset but it was a very clever detail that Dr. Crowe oddly wore the same set of clothes throughout the whole film unlike the rest of the characters. The audience would certainly fail to notice that important aspect but once you get to understand the gist of the story and get the chance to view the film once again, one will be amazed by the designer's genius. Also in the part of Kyra's wake, there was already the suggestion of the mother being the perpetrator as she was the only one wearing inappropriately bright red outfit in contrast with the somber-clad family and guests. Overall, The Sixth Sense is an outstanding film. But to truly enjoy it, it is imperative not to inquire for hints before watching the movie for it would certainly spoil the whole story.

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example Yet, this autobiographical nature should not be considered merely as a means of Arthur Miller relating a story; rather, it has a correlation with respect to the way in which life is understood and represented within middle class America during the time period in question. Miller’s own early life was eerily similar to that of what the reader is made aware of Willy Loman’s life. For instance, Miller grew up in an upper-middle class neighborhood in New York City; the son of Polish Jewish immigrants. Miller’s own father was a successful businessman in a textile mill; which eventually employed 400 individuals. This successful lifestyle enabled the family to enjoy the luxuries of having a new car at a time when cars were still a novelty, attending private schools, and enjoying the occasional vacation. However, the good times would not last as the crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression shattered the family’s bliss. Miller’s father, out of work and out of options sold their home and moved to Gravesend, New York. It was during this time that young Arthur Miller was forced to take a bread route ever morning before school; delivering bread via his bicycle as a means to keep the family afloat. Although it is easy to say that such an experience doubtless had an effect on how Arthur Miller viewed the plight of the average man, this author would go a step further and claim that the hard times and difficult experiences that young Arthur Miller endured during the great depression and his family’s subsequent fall from wealth are autobiographically sketched in his play â€Å"Death of a Salesman†. The approach of this work is concentric upon the fact that the protagonist is ultimately faced with defeat, subsistence, and a form of tacit depression that pervades the entire piece. However, rather than allowing these emotions to be manifest, he continues to cling onto hope that some semblance of normality and/or some hope c an be rescued from this rather pitiful existence by performing the â€Å"adequate† functions of a father and husband. Not surprisingly, his definition of what it means to be a good father or husband only revolves around his ability to generate income and provide for some level of material needs that his family and wife require. Just as with Revolutionary Road, the painstaking day to day travails of the middle class lifestyle were difficult to adjust to. Whereas â€Å"Death of a Salesman† was concentric specifically upon the travails and hardships the Willie Lowman experienced, â€Å"Revolutionary Road† helps to tell a more detailed and nuanced version of the same tale; incorporating the anxt, regret, and frustration that the middle class woman of the era would suffer as well (Revolutionary Road 2008). If one adopts this autobiographical approach to â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, many of the intrinsic lessons and interplay that exists between the family membe rs and Willy Loman help to show the fleeting nature of success and the cold, cruel reality of pervasive failure that crushes the spirit of the entire family. As a means of showing this dichotomy, Willy Loman states, â€Å"Work a lifetime to pay off a house. You finally own it, and there’s nobody to live in it† (Miller 15). Rather than simply relating to the reader how difficult success is to achieve, Miller

Life Changing Sport Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Life Changing Sport - Assignment Example The more upmarket All Star Lanes opened in January, 2006 in the basement of Victoria House in Southampton Row offering bowling alongside a cocktail bar and restaurant (Sunday Times 05.03.06). The sport of bowling (also known as tenpins) is an indoor sport in which a ball between 6 and 16 lbs. in weight is rolled down a lane approximately 42 inches wide and 60 feet long in an effort to knock down 10 pins set in a triangular array at the other end of the lane. The modern version of the sport is traced to the 4th or 5th century A.D. in Germany, where the bowler rolled a ball down the aisle of a church at a club called the heathen. Hitting the heathen was a demonstration of the religious faith of the bowler. During the Middle-Ages, there were a variety of forms of bowling with the number of pins ranging from 3 to 15. Dutch settlers brought the sport to the New World in the early 17th century. The tenth pin was added to the game in 1842. With the advent of Television the popularity of bowling increased in the 1950s. The sport has lost much of its charm and with the mushrooming video-game parlours and other 'pop' activities attention of the young people has been diverted away from bowling. It is considered by many as either pass or too childish, or youth-orientated. The opening of the two new, high-end, bowling alleys is perhaps indicative of a revival of interest in the game. Marketing is the business function that identifies customer needs and wants, determines which target markets the organization can serve best, and designs appropriate products, services, and programs to serve these markets. It guides the entire organization. The goal of marketing is to create customer satisfaction by building value-based relationships with customers, in conjunction with other internal and external business units. The end-result is gaining market leadership by understanding consumer needs and finding solutions of superior value, quality, and service. This presentation looks at understanding the concept, product, positioning and marketing strategy of one of the new bowling alleys (All Star Lanes), and identifying a path for repositioning and promotion with a view to improve profitability through improved customer satisfaction. The Present Product All Star Lanes has four lanes and two upstairs and is positioned as a leisure centre with multiple activities that includes offering a good eating facility and an ambience modelled on America of the 1950s. The face it presents to its customers is 'fresh and flippant and not too straight faced' (squaremeal.co.uk).It has a capacity to seat 80 and offers a cocktail bar and a menu that is American chow wagon based. The dcor is plastic, chrome and leather and tailored to attract young people and at the same time targets to attract clientele by offering a boutique type experience for parties. On all the present identified objectives, it scores well and has attracted very good ratings from critics; some even giving it a four to five star rating on ambience, service, value for money, and food (Time Out, 2006). Repositioning The proposed repositioning requires a total change in concept from being a leisure centre targeting young

Part5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Part5 - Essay Example Another exercise myth is that it’s dangerous to exercise when at a given old age if you did not do the same when young. www.fitnessmagazine.com should state that one can always choose the exercise that best suits their age and health. The third myth is in the use of supplements to build body muscles in www.ideafit.com. The media needs to specify that if you eat healthy and visit the gym regularly, you do not need these supplements. The fourth advertised myth is the lie that exercise helps one lose weight quickly as i www.askmen.com. This makes people get frustrated when they spend hours at the gym and still fail to see a reduction in their weight. What the advertisers should specify is that losing weight at the gym depends on more than just exercising for long. It includes a tolerance for intensity so as to burn calories. The advertised belief that soreness that sets in after exercise is due to the build-up of lactic acid in muscles is also a myth. It is important for the medi a in www.dailymail.co.uk/home/.../fitness-report to note that immediately after a workout, the body gets rid of the lactic acid produced. The resulting soreness is due to muscle tears. Advertisers and the media push for these myths so as to lure people into their gyms or exercise routines that they provide, which will in turn earn them money (Larsen, 2011). Larsen, L. (2011). Fitness and exercise sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about the benefits of physical fitness, including strength, endurance, longevity, weight loss, bone health, and stress management, with exercise guidelines for people of all ages and tips (4th ed.). Detroit, MI:

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example Yet, this autobiographical nature should not be considered merely as a means of Arthur Miller relating a story; rather, it has a correlation with respect to the way in which life is understood and represented within middle class America during the time period in question. Miller’s own early life was eerily similar to that of what the reader is made aware of Willy Loman’s life. For instance, Miller grew up in an upper-middle class neighborhood in New York City; the son of Polish Jewish immigrants. Miller’s own father was a successful businessman in a textile mill; which eventually employed 400 individuals. This successful lifestyle enabled the family to enjoy the luxuries of having a new car at a time when cars were still a novelty, attending private schools, and enjoying the occasional vacation. However, the good times would not last as the crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression shattered the family’s bliss. Miller’s father, out of work and out of options sold their home and moved to Gravesend, New York. It was during this time that young Arthur Miller was forced to take a bread route ever morning before school; delivering bread via his bicycle as a means to keep the family afloat. Although it is easy to say that such an experience doubtless had an effect on how Arthur Miller viewed the plight of the average man, this author would go a step further and claim that the hard times and difficult experiences that young Arthur Miller endured during the great depression and his family’s subsequent fall from wealth are autobiographically sketched in his play â€Å"Death of a Salesman†. The approach of this work is concentric upon the fact that the protagonist is ultimately faced with defeat, subsistence, and a form of tacit depression that pervades the entire piece. However, rather than allowing these emotions to be manifest, he continues to cling onto hope that some semblance of normality and/or some hope c an be rescued from this rather pitiful existence by performing the â€Å"adequate† functions of a father and husband. Not surprisingly, his definition of what it means to be a good father or husband only revolves around his ability to generate income and provide for some level of material needs that his family and wife require. Just as with Revolutionary Road, the painstaking day to day travails of the middle class lifestyle were difficult to adjust to. Whereas â€Å"Death of a Salesman† was concentric specifically upon the travails and hardships the Willie Lowman experienced, â€Å"Revolutionary Road† helps to tell a more detailed and nuanced version of the same tale; incorporating the anxt, regret, and frustration that the middle class woman of the era would suffer as well (Revolutionary Road 2008). If one adopts this autobiographical approach to â€Å"Death of a Salesman†, many of the intrinsic lessons and interplay that exists between the family membe rs and Willy Loman help to show the fleeting nature of success and the cold, cruel reality of pervasive failure that crushes the spirit of the entire family. As a means of showing this dichotomy, Willy Loman states, â€Å"Work a lifetime to pay off a house. You finally own it, and there’s nobody to live in it† (Miller 15). Rather than simply relating to the reader how difficult success is to achieve, Miller

Part5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Part5 - Essay Example Another exercise myth is that it’s dangerous to exercise when at a given old age if you did not do the same when young. www.fitnessmagazine.com should state that one can always choose the exercise that best suits their age and health. The third myth is in the use of supplements to build body muscles in www.ideafit.com. The media needs to specify that if you eat healthy and visit the gym regularly, you do not need these supplements. The fourth advertised myth is the lie that exercise helps one lose weight quickly as i www.askmen.com. This makes people get frustrated when they spend hours at the gym and still fail to see a reduction in their weight. What the advertisers should specify is that losing weight at the gym depends on more than just exercising for long. It includes a tolerance for intensity so as to burn calories. The advertised belief that soreness that sets in after exercise is due to the build-up of lactic acid in muscles is also a myth. It is important for the medi a in www.dailymail.co.uk/home/.../fitness-report to note that immediately after a workout, the body gets rid of the lactic acid produced. The resulting soreness is due to muscle tears. Advertisers and the media push for these myths so as to lure people into their gyms or exercise routines that they provide, which will in turn earn them money (Larsen, 2011). Larsen, L. (2011). Fitness and exercise sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about the benefits of physical fitness, including strength, endurance, longevity, weight loss, bone health, and stress management, with exercise guidelines for people of all ages and tips (4th ed.). Detroit, MI:

Google Searching Essay Example for Free

Google Searching Essay Searching for information on Google is like trying to find a needle in a haystack. Is that true? Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998. They got its name from the mathematical term googol (a number that has a one followed by a hundred zeros. The intention of Goggle was to help control the all the information on the web. That being said they have made searching for information pretty easy to navigate. All someone has to do is type in a word or phrase and the information is there instantly. It has convience over the conventional library of the 19th century. You are often on time restraints while using the library and only have limited resources. As technology grows searching for information becomes more efficient and less time consuming. How is searching in a specific database, such as Ashford Library different from searching in Bing, Google, or Yahoo? Roughly 1.46 billion people use the internet. (Mark D. Bowles, Introduction to Computer Literacy,p.6.4). Just in the U.S. there are 2.27 million users, which is 75% of the population. The main difference is the type of database each search engines uses. Ashford Library is a proprietary database in which only those who belong to the institution can benefit . Google and the others are a public domain database which means anyone has access to them. In my opinion the two are totally different. One is for a specific group while the other is open to everyone.

Punishment And Rehabilitation In The Community Criminology Essay

Punishment And Rehabilitation In The Community Criminology Essay Critically evaluate the use of the prison as a sentence of the court in England and Wales over the last 20 years. The 1990s witnessed a sharp rise in the politicization and in the severity of sentencing policy (Maguire et al, 2007). Since the 1990s legislation has been heavily criticised, this saw the abandonment of key pillars, yet the rise of others. Therefore, The Criminal Justice Act as somewhat revolutionised bringing forward newer legislation over the years that have impacted on the way sentences are used. The change in government from Conservative to New Labour also saw a bewildered mixture of new polices, which have contributed and influenced the use of the prison. Since the post war years the prison population began to expand, which led to a sense of crisis for the government from two perspectives. The first was in terms of social control. The significant and rapidly rising prison population had the potential to be perceived as a breakdown in social order. The other area of concern was due to the expanding prison population and the increase in expenditure. At the time the government were trying to reduce expenditure and instigate new community sentences to limit the number of offenders who actually went to prison. Consequently, there have been many theorists who have attempted to structure the criminal justice system. There have also been new ideologies for how the prison should be used as a sentence. By analysing the use of the prison it will help to define contemporary prisons in western societies, not least since there is considerable consensus that the penal system in England and Wales has been in a state of ever deepening crisis since the 1960s (Maguire et al, 2007). Statistics show a major increase in the prison population. In 1989 the prison population was 48,600 throughout the year and in 2008 the prison population increased to 83,190. Crime measured by the British Crime Survey (BCS) fell from 18.5 million offences in 1993 to 11.7 million by 2003/04. BCS crime fell by around a third in England and Wales at the same time as the prison population increased by two-thirds (Home Office 2008). These statistics suggest that the use of the prison has been very effective by how recorded crime rates have fell over the years and that the number of offenders going to prison as increased. However, it strikes controversy due to the increase in prison populations. In 1997, Labour had created 16,000 more prison places when the Government were trying to reduce expenditure in that area. The lead up to the 1991 Criminal Justice Act witnessed a shift in penal policy. The ongoing concerns of ever growing prison numbers accompanied a widespread disenchantment with the rehabilitative ideal and concerns were raised about the matching of sentences to offenders rather than the crime (Brownlee 1998). The conservative government had issued major changes to the sentencing framework influenced by retributivist theory and the concept of just deserts where offenders were punished in proportion to the crimes they had committed. Also the 1990 white paper, Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public introduced new legislation in the criminal justice system. Now, Community sentences could be used as alternatives rather than the use of imprisonment. Home Office (1990) also claimed a more consistent approach to sentencing so that criminals get there just deserts. The central aims of sentencing were just desserts and proportional sentences; however, deterrence was demoted as a sentence. This criticism was made of the 1991 Act and 1993 Act as there was an unworkable hybrid sentencing framework. The Criminal Justice Act 1991 was clear that the main sentencing decision was to calculate offence seriousness and a proportionate (commensurate) sentence. Prison therefore, was used to keep people in custody by the seriousness of the offence (Easton et al, 2005). Consequently, the use of the prison had changed by acknowledging the seriousness of the offence, whereas before anybody who committed a crime would just go to prison. Thus, somebody convicted with murder would go to prison, whereas somebody who was vandalising would more likely pay a fine or have a community sentence depending on the circumstances. This significant piece of legislation appeared to pave the way for community sentences, and indeed the Probation Service to play a central role in criminal justice policy. Courts were now guided by seriousness thresholds, which required them to justify why a sentence was either serious enough for a community penalty, or so serious that only a custodial sentence could be warranted (Cavadino Dignan 2002). By 1993 however the incoming Home Secretary made it clear that he was an advocate of custodial measures for offenders in his statement Prison Works. The 1993 Criminal Justice Act rescinded on some of the positive aspects of the earlier 1991 Act, and marked a resurrection of law and order rhetoric in determining criminal justice policy. By 1995 in the Green Paper Strengthening Punishment in the Community, despite the considerable changes brought about to community sentences by the 1991 Criminal Justice Act, the claim was made that probation supervision was still regarded as a soft option. The subsequent White Paper Protecting the Public clearly emphasised the need for community sentences to have a punitive rather than rehabilitative focus, and called upon these sentences to be physically, mentally or emotionally challenging with a stress on personal responsibility and discipline. The rapid increase in the prison population and the numbers sent to prison represented a radical break with the virtual stability of previous decades. Even so, two considerations should be borne in mind before attributing the total responsibility for the increase in prison population solely to Michael Howard. First there is some evidence that public opinion took a more punitive turn in the 1990s, which might explain why the anticipated public outcry against Howards policies was so muted, and why the mass media were largely supportive of these policies (Hough, 1996). Ryan (2002) also argued that a series of moral panics was manipulated by politicians to win the support of voters for a tougher law and order platform. Populist Punitiveness had a major effect on legislation because it became central to the concerns of the general public and there responses to crime. A synopsis of the 1991 and 1993 Criminal Justice Act highlight the use of the prison by how serious the crime is. The prison is used to confiscate liberty and by 1993 and the use of community sentences made it more definable by the level of crime committed by using seriousness thresholds. However, by 1995 they recognised that the probation service was to soft and needed amendments. The use of the prison was now seen as a last resort or for very serious offences. In addition, public opinion had a major influence on crime, which is argued one of the reasons why the prison population is said to be so high due to the publics view and fear of crime. In May 1997, the Conservative Party was ejected from power as Labour; Led by Tony Blair enjoyed a landslide victory. Tony Blair, thought to alter Labour to New Labour, and one of the ways he did this was through public image by becoming tough on crime (Mathews 1999). Labour introduced a various amount of legislation, which led to the circulation of community penalties. This was evident in the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act, which created the Drug Treatment Testing Order, and the 2000 Criminal Justice and Court Services Act. This brought about the Probation Order, Community Service Order and the Combination Order. Two further sentences were also created that are the Exclusion Order and the Drug Abstinence Order. However, the Drug Abstinence Order was later abandoned as it was proved unworkable; this could be due to Populist Punitivism. The conservative government have a right wing approach, whereas New Labour comes from the left. This however, had little effect for the use of the prison as labour emphasised on the conservative approach to crime and made it stronger. Although there was new legislation that gave the court more power and options over the offender, prison numbers continued to rise. This was also apparent when David Blunkett became Home Secretary as the prison population started to rapidly grow months after (Guardian 2001). In 2001, the prison crisis of over crowding, and the fiscal problems were highlighted again, which resulted in new legislation from results drawn from the Halliday Report. The review was born out of a belief that the present sentencing framework suffers from serious deficiencies that reduce its contributions to crime reduction and public confidence (Halliday 2001). The report highlighted key limitations and suggested new approaches to strengthen the criminal justice system. One of the highlighted problems was the short prison sentences of less than 12 months and that they had no effect on the offender. It was also noted that persistent offenders do not appear to receive significantly longer prison sentences. Halliday (2001) shows that in a sample of male offenders aged over 18 and sentenced in1998, the average sentence for burglary for an offender with 10 or more previous convictions was only 4 months more than somebody with no convictions. The Halliday Report led to the White Paper in 2002, Justice For All, which sets out the Governments far reaching proposals for the reform of the criminal justice system and resulted in the 2003 Criminal Justice Act. The Halliday Report noted that just deserts and the punishment fitting the crime are key features of the statutory framework set up in 1991 and that there is nothing wrong with this in itself. However the report now focuses on three tiers of seriousness established by the Act: fines, community punishment and custody (Easton, 2005). This created a new framework and therefore saw the collapse of just deserts. Instead of focusing on just how serious the crime was for punishment, the court now had power to punish the offender in many of different ways depending on the offence. From the 2001 Halliday Report and the 2002 White Paper the new findings created a new framework to sentences. The Act clearly sets out the purposes of sentencing, which include retributive, deterrence and reductive, reform rehabilitation, public protection, and reparation, (Criminal Justice Act 2003). The Halliday Report also influenced the new legislation in 2003 by identifying a gap in the sentencing framework. The Act replaced all the adult community sentences with a generic community sentence. This allowed the courts to attach requirements to this community sentence from a number of options; supervision, unpaid work, activities, prohibited activities, accredited programmes, curfew, exclusion, residence, mental health treatment, drug rehabilitation, alcohol treatment, attendance centre (for under 25 yr olds) (Criminal Justice Act 2003). The Criminal Justice Act 2003 also introduced a number of other measures such as Conditional Cautions, Strengthened deferment of sentence to include an element of probation supervision, Custody Plus, Intermittent Custody, new Suspended Sentence Order; however, these measures show unclear boundaries between community and custodial penalties. Thus, the argument against this is whether the courts will favour a custody followed by a rehabilitative sentence and that they will become more popular, which will help reduce overcrowding. Faulkner (2002) prior to the 2003 Criminal Justice Act urged caution in seeing the introduction of a new sentencing framework as the answer to addressing crime. He states that: If the new sentences are to contribute to reduced rates of crime or re-offending, they will at the very least have to be applied in the context of a prison system which is no longer distracted by overcrowding, of a well-resourced and innovative National Probation Service. This may sugge st that there is a covert meaning under the new framework for the use of imprisonment. By utilising community sentences it is thought that this will free prison space, which will stop over crowding and make punishment worth while. However, statistics show far greater use is being made of the prison and probation service because in 1996, 85,000 offenders were given a custodial sentence and 133,000 were given a community sentence. By 2001, both had increased by 25 per cent, with 107,000 offenders given a custodial sentence and 166,000 offenders receiving a community sentence (reference). The use of the prison as changed significantly over the years, with a major influence from the change in government and the change in the sentencing framework. Originally, the prison was used for any type of crime but due to over crowding the government came to recognise that the prison should be used for the more serious offences and introduced the community service for petty crimes. Community service was perceived to free up prison space and the fiscal crisis, however the prison population kept expanding over the years. This could be due to the numbers of offenders caught and sentenced as police powers had expanded or the increase in the overall seriousness of the crimes brought to justice or the increase in the sentence severity for specific offences. New legislation allowed the courts to have an option, however, this soon expanded focusing more on community services using the prison as the last resort. Nobody wants to go to prison; therefore by issuing a community service it is g iving them a strong warning using the prison as the most feared punishment. Individuals who then break the community service punishment will then be sent to prison. A new Act came Criminal justice and immigration act 2008 brought forward the release date of prisoners serving sentences greater than 4 years imposed before 4 April 2005. It did not apply to prisoners serving life sentences or serving sentences for violent or sexual offences. This section came into force on 9 June 2008. This was in order to alleviate prison overcrowding. prisons are for suspects refused bail and detained before trial, or convicted but not yet sentenced, are held in custody to ensure that the course of justice proceeds to its conclusion and that everyone concerned is protected against the likelihood of harm in the interim. The system needs to ensure that the increased investment in prison and probation is targeted effectively to reduce crime and maintain public confidence. The use of prison and probation has increased by over a quarter since 1996, even though the number of people arrested and sentenced has remained broadly constant. The growth is due to the increased severity of sentences, which is linked to the fall in the use of fines. terrorists #3 strikes mandatory life sentence 2003

Organizational Development and Leadership Program Essay -- theory of ch

The journey of Gestalt consulting proved to be very insightful and enlightening. I initially worried that I would not be able to apply the Gestalt style of learning to my professional repertoire within organizational development (OD). However, the outcome was the exact opposite and Gestalt has truly been a useful OD tool acquired. What astounded me most was the chemistry and relevance to the skill that I was motivated to strengthen the most which is use of self. Concepts such as the paradoxical theory of change, cycle of experience, developing themes and polarities, and the unit of work all incorporate the use of self as a sufficient way of paying attention to and selectively sharing observations about what is happening in another person, a group, and an organization. Additionally these concepts were used to illuminate the path through resistance. According to Carlson and Sklarew (1995), â€Å"work is grounded in a whole system and multiple levels of system perspective, paradoxical theory of change, and an appreciation for the power of phenomenological experience.† (p. 3). During the class sessions we were introduced to the levels of system perspective. These include: intrapersonal, interpersonal, dyad or triad, and group level. These levels are defined by their boundaries. For example, the boundary in an interpersonal system is an individual exchanging with another individual and it is essential to note the exchange between the two. In my first case study I was able to illustrate the level of the system I observed which was an interpersonal system between me and my colleague, Angelo Martez. A boundary existed between he and I and communication was proven to be essential to make the exchange. Carlson and Sklarew (1995) also state that... ...tion itself. The most significant observation of gestalt consulting to me is that the process allows and requires both sides of the brain to be used. Observations can be intellectually made and interpreted, however those observations can be furthermore illustrated creatively to provide a visualize representation. Perhaps there can be a polarity framed in reference to my learning journey through gestalt: â€Å"I observe that through my learning I was able to combine intellect with creativity just as two irrelevant colors can combine to introduce a beautiful new color. Works Cited Nevis, E. C. (1987). Organizational Consulting: A Gestalt Approach. New York, NY: Gardner Press Sklarew, N. & Carlson. (1995). ODL 530G: Gestalt Consulting Skills. [Class handout]. Organizational Development and Leadership Program, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine. Georgia, USA.